Solids-contact clarifiers upflow

The source of water samples was a 4-m3/h pilot plant on the Seine River located upstream from Paris, France. The background organic concentration ranged from 2 to 3 mg/L. The process, shown in Figure 1, included an upflow solids contact clarifier (Pulsator, Degremont, Rueil Malmaison, France) followed by rapid sand filtration (RSF). The effluent of the RSF was then split into four lines, which received various levels of ozonation followed by granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption. Postchlorination (0.2 mg/L residual after 1 h) was used for bacterial control. 

Solids-contact clarifiers (also known as "upflow" clarifiers) typically have four treatment zones ... 

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