Solid-filled systems

In cases of processing of solid filled systems, the size, shape and concentration of the solids suspended in the liquid reactants must be considered. 

Minimum Capacity For The Processing Of Solid Filled System (RRIM)... 

For the investigation and prediction of the mixing efficiency at the processing of solid filled systems, as well as for the interpretation of test results, the same approach is useful as described earlier for the processing of unfilled systems. 

In solid drumming Check liner position and integrity before filling systems, failure of liner allowing powder to blow out of the container. CCPS G-3 CCPS G-22 CCPS G-29... 

The term semisolid infers a unique rheological character. Like solids, such systems retain their shape until acted upon by an outside force, whereupon, unlike solids, they are easily deformed. Thus, a finger drawn through a semisolid mass leaves a track that does not fill up when the action is complete. Rather, the deformation made is for all practical purposes permanent, an outcome physically characterized by saying semisolids deform plastically. Their overall rheological properties allow them to be spread over the skin to form films that cling tenaciously. 

Infiltrating water settles by gravity, reaching a depth at which all voids in the ground are filled with water. This portion of the ground is called the saturated zone. The water in this zone forms a continuous medium interwoven with the solid matter system. 

In principle, the as-method is not restricted to nitrogen adsorption and can be applied to any gas-solid physisorption system irrespective of the shape of its isotherm it can be used to check the validity of the BET area and also to identify the individual mechanisms (monolayer-multilayer adsorption, micropore filling or capillary condensation). Numerous examples of different as-plots are to be found in subsequent chapters. Here, we are concerned with the general principles of the as-method of isotherm analysis with particular reference to the evaluation of surface area. The distinctive features of various hypothetical as-plots are revealed in Figure... 

Figure 8. Percentage mass loss as a function of sample age. Solid symbols represent N2 aged systems and hollow symbols represent air aged systems. Squares, circles, up-triangles, down triangles and diamonds correspond to 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8% Cloisite filled systems respectively.

Figure 10. Composite differential distillation profiles for the 2% Cloisite filled system a virgin state and after 504 hours of aging. Solid, dashed and lines with circle symbols correspond to virgin, N2 aged and air aged samples respectively.

Rheological properties of filled systems are complex and formulation specific, largely dependent on fillers and other materials, especially materials which form a matrix.Flow through tubes demonstrates the unusual properties of filled system. Plug flow is typical of filled systems much different from the characteristics of unfilled system. This phenomenon is frequently observed with highly filled systems which behave in a manner similar to both solids and liquids. 

It is Interesting that unimodal distributions are observed for the other filled systems. The distribution of tg for pure NBR is shown in Figure 9 by dotted line, and the NBR PVC blend by solid line. The blend system shows clearly unimodal distribution. The type of the distribution of pure NBR, however, is biased from the exponential type as will be discussed later. It is seen that the distribution of tg in the filled system shifts towards the unimodal. 

For gas-filled systems, theory has been developed for various rheological properties. The main variable is the relative density, about equal to one minus the volume fraction of gas. In most systems, the modulus roughly scales with the density squared. What occurs at large deformation depends on the properties of the cell walls buckling if they are rubberlike, yielding if they are plastic solids, and fracturing if they are rigid solids. 

Equation (6-94) has been found to be valid for a number of filled systems up to a value of f of about 0.3, whereas (6-95) and (6-96c) can be used at somewhat higher concentrations. These equations were first used to describe the viscosity of liquids with suspended solid particles. In fact equation (6-94) was derived using basic hydrodynamic principles. Equations of this type have been "borrowed" to be used for the elasticity of filled elastomers, based on the analogy between steady viscous flow and elastic deformation as described in equations (3-4) and (2-14), respectively. Certainly an additional justification... 

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