Sol-gel template

Li N.C., Martin C.R. A high-rate, high-capacity, nanostructured Sn-based anode prepared using sol-gel template synthesis. J Electrochem. Soc.2001 148(2) A164-70. 

Over the past few years, a large number of experimental approaches have been successfully used as routes to synthesize nanorods or nanowires based on titania, such as combining sol-gel processing with electrophoretic deposition,152 spin-on process,153 sol-gel template method,154-157 metalorganic chemical vapor deposition,158-159 anodic oxidative hydrolysis,160 sonochemical synthesis,161 inverse microemulsion method,162 molten salt-assisted and pyrolysis routes163 and hydrothermal synthesis.163-171 We will discuss more in detail the latter preparation, because the advantage of this technique is that nanorods can be obtained in relatively large amounts. 

Lakshmi BB, Dorhout PK, Martin CR (1997) Sol-gel template synthesis of semiconductor nanostructures. Chem Mater 9 857-862... 

The electrophoretic sol-gel template method could overcome the pore size limitation to certain extent (down to a few tens of nanometers), but it is still limited by the size of the sol particles which were preformed prior to being subjected to the electric field. To address this problem, Miao et al. (2002) reported an electrochemical sol-gel template method in which the sol particles were generated within the pores of the AAO template membrane, as shown in Fig. 18.10. 

Fig. 18.10 Illustration of the electrochemical sol-gel template process, [reprinted with permission from Miao et al. (2002), copyright 2002 American Chemical Society]...

Lakshmi, B. B., Patrissi, C. J. and Martin, C. R. (1997b). Sol-gel template synthesis of semiconductor oxide micro- and nanostructures. Chem. Mater. 9(11), 2544-2550. 

L. Miao, S. Tanemura, S. Toh, K. Kaneko, M. Tanemura, Fabrication, characterization and Raman study of anatase-Ti02 nanorods by a heating-sol-gel template process . Journal of Crystal Growth, 264, 246-252, (2004). 

FIGURE 1.296 SEM image of mesoporous silica film (a) with Ag nanoparticles or (b) alone (inset shows normal cross-section of the film). (With kind permission from Springer Science-HBusiness Media /. Sol-Gel Sci. TechnoL, Ag nanoparticles deposited onto silica, titania and zirconia mesoporous hlms synthesized by sol-gel template method, 50, 2009, 216-228, Krylova, G.V., Gnatyuk, Yu.L, Smirnova, N.P., Eremenko, A.M., and Gun ko, V.M., Copyright 2009.)... 

Krylova, G.V., Gnatyuk, Yu.L, Smirnova, N.R, Eremenko, A.M., and Gun ko, V.M. 2009. Ag nanoparticles deposited onto silica, titania and zirconia mesoporous films synthesized by sol-gel template method. 

For example, alcohol dehydrogenase has been immobilized into nanotubes of Ti02, which were prepared by sol-gel template synthesis. This enzyme retained its ability to oxidize ethanol for more than 4 days (NAD" cofactor, phosphate bulfer, pH Since these Ti02 nanotubes were open at both ends, this configuration allowed their use as a flow reactor. Examples of boimd enzymes acting as bioreactor are large in number. They also involve covalent binding of antibodies to functionalize sol-gel films. ... 

Usually, in the fabrication of mesostructured titania films by sol-gel templating, anatase, the kinetically more stable phase, is formed independent of the Ti precursor and template. Phase transformation of anatase to rutile occurs only upon heating to high temperature which however leads to collapse of the ordered mesoporous structure. 

Kurokawa Y., Miyazaki H., Jimba Y. light scattering from a monolayer of periodically arrayed dielectric spheres on dielectric substrates. Phys. Rev. B 2002 65 201102-1-201102-4 Lakshmi B.B., Dorhout P.K., Martin C.R. Sol-gel template synthesis of semiconductor nanostructures. Chem. Mater. 1997a 9 857-862... 

---