Soil, pedogenesis

Fenton T.E. Mollisols. In Pedogenesis and Soil Taxonomy, II. The soil orders, L.P. 

Nettleton W.D., Peterson F.F. Aridisols. In Pedogenesis and Soil Taxonomy. II. The Soil Orders, P. Wilding, N.E. Smeck, G.F. Hall, eds. Amsterdam Elsevier, 1983. 

Chemical weathering of minerals during pedogenesis can be enhanced by microbial activity by a factor as high as 106 (Kurek 2002). Microorganisms can dissolve minerals by direct and indirect actions under aerobic and anaerobic conditions (Robert and Berthelin 1986 Ehrlich 2002 Kurek 2002). In some cases of attack, the microorganisms may be dispersed in the soil solution in others, they may grow in biofilms on the surface of susceptible minerals. 

Surficial deposits at XY are dominated by tills and colluvium, which have been locally reworked by alluvial and glacio-fluvial processes (Figs. 1 2a). On the transect reported herein, the depth of overburden varies from negligible on mountain sides to at least 5 m thick in central parts of the till plain in central valley areas (unknown maximum thickness). In the section of the traverse the XY ore zone is c. 10 m thick, and occurs below c. 3 m of colluvial overburden (Fig. 2). Pedogenesis is generally restricted to minor to moderate horizonation that has produced predominantly brunisols (Canadian Soil Classification System, Agri-Canada 1998). 

Sorbents Redox buffering > Aggregation Plant nutrient Pedogenesis Soil classifications... 

However, in the last two decades or so, instrumental techniques for studying nano particles have been developed to such an extent (see Chap. 7) that soil Fe oxides can be identified, quantified and characterized in appreciable detail. These results have especially helped in understanding soil formation (pedogenesis) and the behavior of soils towards amendments and pollutants. 

Rumpel, C., Kogel-Knabner, I., and Bruhn, F. (2002). Vertical distribution, age, and chemical composition of organic carbon in two forest soils of different pedogenesis. Org. Geochem. 33,1131-1142. 

This complements to various examples in the present review (Figures 14.6, 14.8, 14.11,14.14, and 14.17) as well as in other papers (Kalbitz et al., 2003 Marschner et al., 2008) and confirms that the thermal properties as determined by Py-FIMS are a universal indicator of resistance to microbial decomposition. Furthermore, it could be concluded that heterocyclic N compounds form an important pool in Canadian prairie soil that was enriched by pedogenesis and cultivation and that may have a currently unknown contribution to the N nutrition of plants (Leinweber et al., 2008b). 

Soil formation, or pedogenesis, is a major activity for pedologists. The origins of soil attributes, distinctive horizons, and profiles must be understood to develop conceptual models for soil evolution over both long and short time periods (e.g., Smeck, Runge, and MacKintosh 1983). Such models have intuitive, predictive power in the forensic comparison of soils. 

Simonson (1959) proposed a more general framework for soil formation based on four groups of processes additions, transfers, transformations, and removals. A dynamic approach to pedogenesis, building on the perspectives offered by Jenny (1941) and Simonson (1959), can be used to provide a framework for the assessment of soil properties at different spatial and temporal scales. 

The characteristic feature of soils and the way in which they are classified and recognised is the presence of distinct layers or horizons formed by pedogenesis. The smallest volume of soil which can be recognised as having all the distinctive features of that particular soil is called a pedon and a profile is the vertical section through... 

By varying the conditions of synthesis much can be learned about the experimental parameters which govern iron oxide formation during weathering and soil formation (pedogenesis) (Schwertmann, 1985 1988a Fitzpatrick, 1988 Schwertmann and Taylor, 1989). 

Bouma, J. (1983). Hydrology and soil genesis of soils with aquic moisture regimes. In "Pedogenesis and Soil Taxonomy I. Concepts and Interactions" (L. P. Walding, N. E. Smeck, and G. F. Hall, eds.), pp. 253-281. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 

Ugolini, F. C. and R. L. Edmonds (1983). Soil biology. In "Pedogenesis and Soil Taxonomy I. Concepts and... 

Yaalon, D. H. (1975). Conceptual models in pedogenesis Can soil forming functions be solved Geoderma 14, 189-205. 

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