Soft surface free energy

Bikerman [182] criticized the derivation of Eq. X-18 out of concern for die ignored vertical component of On soft surfaces a circular ridge is raised at the periphery of a drop (see Ref. 67) on harder solids there is no visible effect, but the stress is there. It has been suggested that the contact angle is determined by the balance of surface stresses rather than one of surface free energies, the two not necessarily being the same for a... 

As surface corrugations grow, they will eventually touch each other and then folded parts will form on the surface. If the gel is sufficiently soft, the free energy can be lowered below the value in the homogeneous state by formation of a periodic pattern [20,21,89], The folded parts are singular surfaces like cracks and we encounter great mathematical difficulty. Nevertheless, we may analytically calculate the folded patterns in the highly compressible case 1... 

From DSC and TM-AFM, IPDI/BD(40)/P[3F-ct)-BrOj -l l-(4.7)] is well phase-separated compared to IPDFBD(50)/FTMO(2.0). The average degree of polymerization for P[3F-co-BrOx-l l-(4.7)] and PTMO(2.0) is similar (Dp = 33 and 28, respectively). Hence, the high degree of bulk phase separation for IPDI/BD(40)/P[3F-co-BrOx-l l-(4.7)] is due to limited miscibility of the fluorous soft block with the hard block (feature b) and multiple low surface-free energy side chains that act as pseudo-chain ends (feature a) [10]. 

This type of fully local potential has some limited use, e.g., to consider adsorption in a slowly varying external potential. It fails, however, to describe the most important phenomena such as surface tension and adsorption at most types of interfaces. These phenomena reflect in a fundamental way the nonlocal interactions in the fluid. The most obvious nonlocality of the free energy arises due to the range of the attractive or soft interactions represented by the second term in the equation of state, —The corresponding potential energy can be obtained by the functional... 

Table 1. Ionic Radii, hydration numbers, softness parameters a, surface charge densities, polarizabilities, free energies AG° enthalpies AH° and entropies A S° of hydration of metal cations from groups Za o,nd II ...

In this chapter, we consider the Helmholtz free energy of a charged hard or soft surface in contact with an electrolyte solution. The free energy expressions will be used also for the calculation of the interaction energy between particles, as shown later in PART 11. 

FREE ENERGY OF A SOFT SURFACE 5.5.1 General Expression... 

Expressions for the Double-Layer Free Energy for a Planar Soft Surface... 

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