Small, William

Williams S, Causgrove T P, Gilmanshin R, Fang KS, Callender R H, Woodruff WH and Dyer R B 1996 Fast events in protein folding helix melting and formation in a small peptide Biochemistry ZS 691-7... 

In originally considering the 5 3 mechanism, involving base catalysis, Bennett, Brand, James, Saunders and Williams were trying to account for the small increase in nitrating power which accompanies the addition of water, up to about 10%, to sulphuric acid. The dilution increases the concentration of the bisulphate ion, which was believed to be the base involved (along with molecular sulphuric acid itself). The correct explanation of the effect has already been given ( 2.3.2). 

Should be distd under reduced pressure under nitrogen and stored in the dark. Purified via the nitrosochloride [Waterman et al. Reel Trav Chim Pays-Bas 48 1191 7929]. For purification of optically active forms see Lynn [J Am Chem Sac 91 361 1919]. Small quantities (0.5mL) have been purified by GLC using helium as carrier gas and a column at 90 packed with 20 wt% of polypropylene sebacate on a Chromosorb support. Larger quantities were fractionally distd under reduced pressure in a column packed with stainless steel gauze spirals. Material could be dried with CaH2 or sodium, and stored in a refrigerator CaS04 and silica gel were not satisfactory because they induced spontaneous isomerisation. [Bates, Best and Williams 7 C/iem Soc 1521 7962.]... 

The earliest information dealing with this phenomenon dates back to 600 B.c. It was found that a piece of amber after it had been rubbed was able to attract small fibers. More recent observations are from the 17th century, when William Gilbert noticed that amber, sulfur, and other dielectrics charged by friction could attract smoke. Similar observations were made by Boyle (1675) and Otto von Guericke (1672). Francis Hauksbee (1709) reported that he had discovered a phenomenon which is now called ionic wind or electric wind. Ionic wind and the glow from the corona discharge was discussed by Isaac Newton (1718). 

On first looking into nature s chemistry. Part I, the role of small molecules and ions the transport of the elements. Part II, the role of large molecules, especially proteins. R. J. P. Williams, Chem. Soc. Rev., 1980, 9, 281-324 (9) and 325-364 (46). 

In addition to the reports of uptake of intact small liposomes (SUV) by hepatocytes (Scherphof et al., 1983), there is some evidence of uptake of intravenously administered liposomes as intact structures by cells other than mononuclear phagocytes of the MPS. Recently, the integrity of the capillary endothelial barrier in several pathophysiological conditions was discussed (Bodor and Brewster, 1986). Several studies already indicated an increased capillary permeability during inflammation both in animals (Lopez-Berestein et al., 1984a) and in man (Morgan et al., 1985 Williams et al., 1987). 

Increased accumulation of liposomes, especially small liposomes, has been reported to occur at sites of inflammation (Williams et al., 1986) and in tumors (Turner et al., 1988 Gabizon and Papahadjopoulos, 1988) (cf. Sec. VI.B). However, it is well established that endo-cytosis of liposomes by MPS cells, primarily those located in liver and spleen, accounts for most of the uptake of liposomes—and, in general, uptake of particulate matter—from the blood circulation. 

Yang L, Williams DE, Kim J, Demirjian L, Qasimi R 53 Ruschmann J, Cao LP, Ma K, Chung SW, Duronio V, Andersen RJ, Krystal G, Mui AL Small-molecule agonists of SHIPl inhibit the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway in hematopoietic cells. Blood 2007 110 1942-1949. 

Phyto chemicals can be used to either stimulate or inhibit motility of the GIT. For example, caffeine and other phytochemicals stimulate motility (Lis-Balchim etal, 2001 Boekema et al, 1999), whereas motility is slowed by peppermint oil (Beesley et al, 1996), protease inhibitors (Schwartz et al., 1994) and several other phytochemicals (Abdullahi et al, 2001 Odetola and Acojenu, 2000 Rojas et al, 1999 Amos et al, 1998). Many of the traditional herbal medicines used for treatment of diarrhea are based on aqueous extracts that slow small intestine transit and increase residence time for digesta (Lin et al, 2002). The opiates and derivatives are particularly noteworthy (Williams et al., 1997). 

The protein collagen undergoes hydrolytic degradation to gelatin in a manner which indicates the presence of a small minority of comparatively easily hydrolyzable bonds. Scatchard, Oncley, Williams, and Brown concluded that these are regularly spaced at intervals of about 1200 units in the collagen molecule. 

Two other publications on Ir (73 keV) Mossbauer spectroscopy of complex compounds of iridium have been reported by Williams et al. [291,292]. In their first article [291], they have shown that the additive model suggested by Bancroft [293] does not account satisfactorily for the partial isomer shift and partial quadrupole splitting in Ir(lll) complexes. Their second article [292] deals with four-coordinate formally lr(l) complexes. They observed, like other authors on similar low-valent iridium compounds [284], only small differences in the isomer shifts, which they attributed to the interaction between the metal-ligand bonds leading to compensation effects. Their interpretation is supported by changes in the NMR data of the phosphine ligands and in the frequency of the carbonyl stretching vibration. 

Williams et al. (2002) have reviewed the current state of AEM X-ray microanalysis, and they suggest ways in which the highest resolution of X-ray mapping may be achieved in the STEM with an EDS spectrometer. Because of their small collection angles and thin specimens, very small numbers of X-ray counts are generated, so the minimum detection limit is typically at best 0.1 wt%. This value is an order of magnitude worse than the 0.01 wt% figure for bulk-specimen in an SEM/EPMA. 

Aurifontina chymica or, a collection of fourteen small treatises concerning the first matter of philosophers for the discovery of their (hitherto so much concealed) Mercury. Which many have studiously endeavoured to hide, but these to make manifest, for the benefit of mankind in general. London Printed for William Cooper, at the Pelican in Little-Britain, 1680. [22], 272, [4] p. 

Douglas, Gavin.The poetical works of Gavin Douglas. Edited by John Small. Edited by John Small. Edinburgh William Paterson, 1874. 4 vols... 

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