Small biomarker molecules determination

Another example is the accurate determination of small biomarker molecules in blood. Detection of low-abundance-low-molecular-weight (MW) biomarkers (small molecules or peptides) in blood, using mass spectrometry, can often be challenging. These low-MW molecules tend to undergo noncovalent... 

A very interesting subject is the application of analytical pyrolysis for the study of biomarkers in extraterrestrial samples [2], Several meteorites and lunar samples were studied using this technique. Also, Viking Lander used a Py-GC/MS system to explore the Martian atmosphere and surface [74], Commonly, a stepped pyrolysis technique has been used in these studies to determine organic components in an inorganic matrix [75], The procedure involves a set of four or five temperatures that allow the analysis of trapped gases, analysis of small volatile molecules, and the performance of true pyrolysis on macromolecules. 

Molecules serving as effective biomarkers in clinical fluids are often low-molecular-mass metabolic end products. These small molecules can often be directly determined in urine however, their determination in plasma or semm often requires some form of protein removal. Creatinine is the most widely used clinical marker to assess renal function. 

Molecules serving as effective biomarkers in clinical fluids are often low-molecular-mass metabolic end products. These small molecules can often be directly determined... 

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