Sinusoidal stimulus

A sinusoidal stimulus. The frequency of the sinusoidal variation is changed and the steady-state response of the effluent at different input frequeucies is determined, thereby generating a frequency-response diagram for the system. 

Neurons stimulated by sinusoidal currents exhibit a synchronized response to the driving cycle, consisting of a train of repetitive action potentials as the bursting cells which rhythmically show self-sustained membrane oscillations accompanied by burst of repetitive impulses. The typical pattern of frequency change in response to a sinusoidal stimulus is graphically illustrated in Fig. 4. 

We must now specify a name for the stimulus and select the type of waveform. In the Lite edition, only the sinusoidal waveform is available. Enter a name for the stimulus waveform and click the OK button. This name will appear on the Implementations line in the schematic ... 

We must now specify a name for the stimulus and select the waveform. For the Lite version only a sinusoid is available for analog sources and only a 1-bit clock waveform is available for digital sources. Name the source CLK and specify a Digital Clock as the waveform ... 

TheTNF-a-dependent models are mostly characterized by the apoptotic cell death of hepatocy te at the early stage of liver injury. In these models, a large number of hepatocytes undergoing apoptosis can represent a stimulus for primed neutrophils in sinusoids to transmigrate and activate, leading to hepatic inflammation and massive hepatocyte necrosis. This... 

These considerations have to be applied to phenomena in which the external field has its origin in the solute (or, better, in the response of the solute to some stimulus). The characteristics of this field (behaviour in time, shape, intensity) strongly depend on the nature of the stimulus and on the properties of the solute. The analysis we have reported of the behaviour of the solvent under the action of a sinusoidal field can here be applied to the Fourier development of the field under examination. It may happen that the Fourier decomposition will reveal a range of frequencies at which experimental determinations are not available to have a detailed description of the phenomena an extension of the s(w) spectrum via simulations should be made. It may also happen that the approximation of a linear response fails in such cases the theory has to be revisited. It is a problem similar to the one we considered in Section 1.1.2 for the description of static nonlinear solvation of highly charged solutes. 

Soluble macromolecules of both natural and synthetic origins have been used as drug carriers. When compared with the particulate carriers, soluble macromolecules (i) encounter fewer barriers to their movement around the body and can enter into many organs by transport across capillary endothehum or in the liver by passage through the fenestration connecting the sinusoidal lumen to the space of Disse (ii) penetrate the cells by pinocytosis, which is a phenomenon universal to aU cells and which, unlike phagocytosis, does not require an external stimulus and (Hi) can be found in the blood many hours after their introduction (particulate carriers, in contrast, are rapidly cleared from the blood by the RES). The fate of soluble macromolecules in animals and humans, with special reference to the transfer of polymers from one body compartment to another, has been reviewed by Drobnik and Rypacek (67). 

Vibration Perception. The perception of vibration depends on the body site and on the stimulus firequency. The thresholds in Table 10.2 are typical of those for healthy adults, and are expressed as instantaneous RMS accelerations (i.e., with T 1 s in Eq. (10.2)). The value for whole-body vibration is given in terms of a frequency-weighted acceleration, and so is applicable to vibration at frequencies from 1 to 80 Hz. The values for hand-transmitted vibration are for sinusoidal stimuli applied to the fingertips of males (M) and females (F) at the specified frequencies. 

The ENG in this case arises fix>m the depolarization of many myelinated nerve fibrils within the bundle. ENG ampUtude is usually on the o r of a few tens of microvolts and creates a transient, sinusoidal-looking waveform as it passes the electrodes. The finite propagation velocity causes a several-millisecond delay between the stimulus and die electrode recording. The nerve action potential conductiim velocity V can be determined from... 

This equation shows that if the hand velocity becomes faster or if the wavelength, 1, becomes smaller, the frequency,/, increases. We should consider the response characteristics of FA I, which is known as a tactile receptor related to the roughness sensation. It is known that FA I responds to the velocity of mechanical stimuli [18]. Here, when the finger slides across the surface, as shown in Figure 8.10, a displacement of stimulus, y, at a given time, t, is defined as a sinusoidal function ... 

V is the stimulus frequency, Gq the amplitude.of sinusoidal current and the time between the frequency response of the cell and the applied stimulus) eq.-3- integrates to... 

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