Sinularia polydactyla

Scheme 10 Pukalides from the soft coral Sinularia polydactyla... 

Slattery, M., Hines, G. A., Starmer, J., and Paul, V. J., Chemical signals in gametogenesis, spawning and larval settlement and defense of the soft coral Sinularia polydactyla, Coral Reefs, 18, 75, 1999. 

Based on their findings as well as those of others for ascidians, Lindquist et al.53 question the adequacy of the autotoxicity, energetic, or developmental constraints suggested by Orians and Janzen59 to explain a presumed lack of chemical defenses in the eggs and embryos of animals. Coupled with other reports of chemical defenses in the eggs and embryos of amphibians,66 insects,67 and additional marine invertebrates,44 43 52 54 68470 there appears to be ample evidence to question the validity of these presumed constraints. However, Slattery et al.70 recently suggested that the lack of chemical defenses in the larvae of the soft coral Sinularia polydactyla may be attributable to autotoxicity constraints. 

Soft corals eggs contain terpenes such as 116, 117, and epoxypukalide 118 that are believed to play a defensive role.146,147 Extracts of Sinularia polydactyla larvae containing 116 and 117 are deterrent in assays with C. solandri which has been observed feeding on soft coral polyps in the field.147... 

Braekman, J.C., D. Daloze, B. Tursch, S.E. Hull, J.P. Declercq, G. Germain, and M. van Meerssche Chemical Studies of Marine Invertebrates. XXXVIII. 9(i5) Afj.icanene, a New Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbon from Sinularia polydactyla (Coelenterata, Octocorallia, Alcyonaceae). Experientia 36, 893 (1980). 

Kamel, H.N., Fronczek, F.R., Fischer, N.H., and Slattery, M. (2004) A novel metabolite from the hybrid soft coral Sinularia maxima x Sinularia polydactyla a biosynthetically mixed skeleton linking... 

The carbon skeleton of africanane can be formally deduced from that of farnesyl pyrophosphate and the cation leading to humulene and related derivatives (Figure 20.21) (Tursch et al, 1974). A hybrid alcyonarian formed from Sinularia maxima and Sinularia polydactyla contains polymaxenolide, which is a chemical hybrid... 

Tris 6>rsesquiterpenes have been isolated from a Cespitularia and two Clavularia species. 1,4-Dimethyl-2,3,3a,4,5,6-hexahydroazulene (470) was a metabolite of the former 394). The soft coral Clavularia koellikeri furnished clavukerin A (471) (395), B (472), and C (473) (396). The structure reported for clavukerin B (472) was identical with that of inflatene from Clavularia inflata (397). Inflatene (472) has shown ichthyotoxicity toward the Pacific damselfish Pomacentrus coeruleus at 10 pg/mL. A -Africanene (474), a tricyclic sesquiterpene, has been isolated from Sinularia erecta (39S) and S. polydactyla (399). 

Sinularia maxima, S. polydactyla and Sinularia sp. - Crude extracts Deterrent against generalist fish [65,66]... 

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