Single-step replica

Replication starts by the separation of the strands of DNA and the formation of a local bubble at a specific DNA site called the origin of replication (ori). A helicase enzyme uses energy from ATP hydrolysis to effect this action. Single-strand DNA binding proteins stabilize the strands during the subsequent steps. The original DNA strands will function as the templates that will direct synthesis of the complementary strands. A nucleotide on the template strand will determine which deoxyribonucleotide (dNTP) will be incorporated in the newly synthesized strand. This replica-... 

Figure 3. Reaction scheme of complementary replication of single-stranded RNA. Reaction consists of four phases initiation, elongation, product release, and template reactivation. Reaction product (replica) is complementary to template. Substrates are four nucleoside triphosphates ATP, GTP, UTP, and CTP. Pyrophosphate (pp) is waste product at each step of incorporation. Symbols /, RNA template chain E, enzyme (replicase) P, growing RNA replica chain. Indexes A, association D, dissociaton S, substrate F, phosphate diester bond formation PR, product release the numbers 3, or 5, refer to end of the RNA chain to which the enzyme binds or from which it dissociates (cf. ref. 10).

Replica molding can produce multiple molds, replicas, and patterned surfaces from a single master in a simple and reliable way. The key step of RM is to use an elastomeric mold to replicate the relief of a 3D surface. This technique allows for highly complex structures in the master to be replicated... 

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