Single-solid devices

The electroluminescence spectra of the single-layer devices are depicted in Figure 16-40. For all these OPV5s, EL spectra coincided with the solid-state photoluminescence spectra, indicating that the same excited states are involved in both PL and EL. The broad luminescence spectrum for Ooct-OPV5-CN" is attributed to excimer emission (Section 16.3.1.4). 

A large number of possible applications of arrays of nanoparticles on solid surfaces is reviewed in Refs. [23,24]. They include, for example, development of new (elect-ro)catalytical systems for applications as chemical sensors, biosensors or (bio)fuel cells, preparation of optical biosensors exploiting localized plasmonic effect or surface enhanced Raman scattering, development of single electron devices and electroluminescent structures and many other applications. 

The fuel cell consists of two porous metal plates separated by a layer of a material that conducts hydrogen ions, hydroxyl ions and water. The conductive material is termed an electrolyte. It can be either a solid or a liquid. In its general form, the fuel cell appears to be constructed in the same manner as an electrolyzer. In fact single units have been construeted that can operate as either electrolyzer of fuel cell. Like many dual purpose mechanisms it does not do either job as well as a single purpose device. 

Fig. 11.22 Current-brightness-voltage characteristics of single-layer devices with different doping concentrations of PtOEP in MeLPPP. Solid and open symbols depict brightness-voltage and current-voltage curves, respectively [42].

In the above approach, the sample is automatically directed through a single solid phase extraction (SPE) column (containing the same materials as the three manual disposable columns) using an automatic device, which then introduces the collected eluate to the ion chromatographic pre-concentration column where the components are subsequently eluted into the analytical column and separated (Figure 2.2). 

Porous-electrode theory has been used to describe a variety of electrochemical devices including fuel cells, batteries, separation devices, and electrochemical capacitors. In many of these systems, the electrode contains a single solid phase and a single fluid phase. Newman and Tiedemann reviewed the behavior of these flooded porous electrodes [23]. Many fuel-cell electrodes, however, contain more than one fluid phase, which introduces additional complications. Typical fuel cell catalyst layers, for example, contain both an electrolytic phase and a gas phase in addition to the solid electronically conducting phase. An earher review of gas-diffusion electrodes for fuel cells is provided by Bockris and Srinivasan [24]. 

Fig. 6 Photo- (solid state dashed line) and electroluminescence spectra (single layer-device ITO / PVK + 23 / Ca solid line) of copolymer 22 containing quaterphenyl segments [35]...

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