Single Encapsulation

These few examples may demonstrate how differently flavours can be released, either at the point of processing the food or at the point of consumption. No single encapsulation method can satisfy all these different requirements. Hence methods other than spray drying, i.e. spray chilling, compacting, agglomerating and fluidised spray drying, as described below, have been developed. 

Particle size was also evaluated in encapsulated materials by comparing single- and double-encapsulated butter oil powders in sucrose (<500 pm and 1000 pm, respectively) by Onwulata et al. (1998). Compressibility as a measure of cohesion and mechanical strength at various loads increased for both single-encapsulated powders and double-encapsulated powders. However, larger powders were more impeded in flow than single-encapsulated ones. 

A double-encapsulated flavor powder (spray-dried) is prepared by secondary fat coating process, with better resistance to moisture and oxygen than single encapsulated powder (Cho and Park, 2002). 

Fig. C.3 The input impedance of a single encapsulated meander line (outer) including free space Zo behind. Vertical as well as horizontal cases.

More robust enz5mies have been obtained [95] by encapsulation. TEOS is better used with Ca-alginate as agent for producing a Ca-silicate cage, as it avoids any interference with the production of methanol in the case of non-complete hydrolysis of TMOS [97, 98]. Co-encapsulated enzymes work better than singly encapsulated ones [99]. 

The HLB system has made it possible to organize a great deal of rather messy information and to plan fairly efficient systematic approaches to the optimiza-tion of emulsion preparation. If pursued too far, however, the system tends to lose itself in complexities [74]. It is not surprising that HLB numbers are not really additive their effective value depends on what particular oil phase is involved and the emulsion depends on volume fraction. Finally, the host of physical characteristics needed to describe an emulsion cannot be encapsulated by a single HLB number (note Ref. 75). 

Metallofullerenes are commonly found witli [74], [76], [80] and [82] fullerene and span composites tliat have a single (Mf2 Cg2), two or even tliree metal atoms encapsulated. The first type of... 

The encapsulation of electrical components provides an interesting extension to the use of plastics materials as insulators. Components of electronic systems may be embedded in a single cast block of resin (the process of encapsulation). Such integrated systems are less sensitive to handling and humidity and in the event of failure the whole assembly may be replaced using seldom more than a simple plugging-in operation. Encapsulation of miniaturised components has proved invaluable, particularly in spacecraft. 

The presence of sulfur is found to enhance the formation of graphitic carbon shells around cobalt-containing particles, so that cobalt or cobalt carbide particles encapsulated in graphitic polyhedra are found throughout the soot along with the single-layer nano-... 

Structure and morphology. Most of the rare-earth elements were encapsulated in multilayered graphitic cages, being in the form of single-domain carbides. The carbides encapsulated were in the phase of RC2 (R stands for rare-earth elements) except for Sc, for which Sc3C4(20] was encapsulated[21]. 

Recently, TsHs has been encapsulated within single-walled (SWNTs) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) with internal diameters of 0.8-8 nm. It was shown that the best results were obtained when the internal diameters (1.4—1.5 nm for SWNTs and 1.0-3.0 nm for MWNTs) slightly exceeded the diameter of TsHs (1.2 nm). T8H8 was introduced in the gas phase and reacted with the nanotubes through van der Waals interactions. ... 

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