Single-electron tunneling in nanoparticles

To satisfy the conditions described above, arrays with characteristic capacitances of 10 10 F, typical values for junctions fabricated lithographically with present- 

The two peculiarities of metal clusters discussed above do not, however, eliminate charging effects. Theory and experiment have shown that basic results of singleelectron tunneling still qualitatively remain and acquire new features. - For example, the /(U) characteristic of a double barrier junction with a central quantum dot reflects the fine structure of the energy spectrum besides the Coulomb stair-case.f The situation will, furthermore, become more complicated when the characteristic time RjC becomes as short as the tunneling time itself, the uncertainty time and the characteristic time of the energy relaxation inside the so 

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