Single-electron charging

The present chapter will cover detailed studies of kinetic parameters of several reversible, quasi-reversible, and irreversible reactions accompanied by either single-electron charge transfer or multiple-electrons charge transfer. To evaluate the kinetic parameters for each step of electron charge transfer in any multistep reaction, the suitably developed and modified theory of faradaic rectification will be discussed. The results reported relate to the reactions at redox couple/metal, metal ion/metal, and metal ion/mercury interfaces in the audio and higher frequency ranges. The zero-point method has also been applied to some multiple-electron charge transfer reactions and, wheresoever possible, these results have been incorporated. Other related methods and applications will also be treated. 

Substituting ac + aa = 1, for single-electron charge transfer reactions, the above expression reduces to that of Delahay et al.n... 

Kinetic Parameters of Some Single-Electron Charge Transfer Redox Couples at a Platnium Interface ... 

Earlier studies generally involved the evaluation of kinetic parameters of reactions which are accompanied by single-electron charge transfer.116 Some reactions involving two-electron charge transfer were also studied, assuming either that both electrons are transferred in a single step or that the slower step in the two-step reaction is in overall control of the rate process. As described in this chapter for the first time, the faradaic rectification theory for... 

It is possible to determine the masses of individual ions in the gas phase. Strictly speaking, it is only possible to measure their mass/charge ratio (m/e), but as multi charged ions are very much less abundant than those with a single electronic charge (e= 1), m/e is for all practical purposes equal to the mass of the ion, m. The principal experimental problems in mass spectrometry are firstly to volatilise the substrate (which implies high vacuum) and secondly to ionise the neutral molecules to charged species. 

These Au nanoparticles, protected by a monolayer of thiolated ligands, display interesting properties, such as single-electron charging and molecule-like HOMO-LUMO energy gaps, and can be used in optical and chemical sensing [70, 71]. Their physicochemical properties are closely related to their size and size distribution. Therefore, the ability to synthesize nano particles in a size-controlled... 

Figure 2.18 Electrochemical single-electron charging of coated 1.5 nm Auns nanoparticle on a Au(lll) electrode surface, (a) Schematic view of the AuNP in the in situ STM environment, (b) In situ STM image.

Since a single electron charge transfer mechanism... 

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