Single Biological Cells

FIGURE 1.9 (a) Constant-current and (b) constant-height images of a human breast epi- 

A platinized nanotip served also as an excellent potentiometric probe to enable the measurement of intracellular redox potentials [69], 

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The cotton fiber is a single biological cell, 15 to 24 p.m in width and 12 to 60 mm long it has a central canal, or lumen, down its length except at the tip... 

Well-stirred systems are particularly convenient for the theoretician but are often less easy to realize in practice. Indeed, spatial inhomogeneities, with consequent molecular diffusion or thermal conduction processes, arise in many important situations—as varied as a single biological cell and a haystack. In the next three chapters we turn to unstirred systems, again seeking to determine bifurcation phenomena driven by non-linear kinetics. 

A 3D liquid flow has been exploited to retain single biological cells for longterm real-time study in a glass chip. With the use of a special microstructure, a zero-speed point (ZSP) can be established as shown in Figure 8.20. The liquid flow in the 2D-plane of the channel dimension is shown in Figure 8.20A-F. The... 

Li, P.C.H., de Camprieu, L., Cai, J., Sangar, M., Transport, retention and fluorescent measurement of single biological cells studied in microfluidic chips. Labchip 2004, 4, 174-180. 

The first references to the use of microelectrodes appear in the biochemical literature and relate not to microvoltammetric electrodes, as will largely be considered here, but rather to very small ion-sensitive electrodes (particularly pH electrodes) capable of making measurements inside a single biological cell. Biochemists have also used metal microelectrodes to provide direct electrical stimulation of nerves, for example in the design of auditory protheses [1]. Indeed, the two types of electrode have often been used in combination, i.e. an ion-sensitive electrode is used to detect changes caused by the electrical stimulation of a nerve. Applications of both these types of... 

Fletcher, J. S., Rabbani, S., Henderson, A., et al. (2008) A new dynamic in mass spectral imaging of single biological cells. Anal Chem, 80, 9058-9064. 

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