SINEs sequences

SINE sequences exhibit extensive homology with small cellular RNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase III. Alu elements, the most common SINEs In humans, are 300-bp sequences found scattered throughout the human genome. 

With some RNA vimses, e.g. poliovims, the RNA strand fi cm the particle can act directly as mRNA and is translated into viral proteins on the host-cell ribosomes. In many other RNA vimses, however (e.g. the influenza vimses), the RNA strands are negative-sense RNAs (anhmessages) that have first to be transcribed to the complementary sequence by RNA-dependent RNA polymerases before they can function in protein synthesis. Sinee eukaryotie eells do not have these enzymes, the negative-sense RNA vimses must earry them in the virion. 

The earliest ECG change (serum potassium 5.5 to 6 mEq/L) is peaked T waves. The sequence of changes with further increases is widening of the PR interval, loss of the P wave, widening of the QRS complex, and merging of the QRS complex with the T wave resulting in a sine-wave pattern. 

Fig. 7. MR detection of ultrasonic waves oscillating at 515 kHz. (a) Phase image of a phantom without insonation. (b) Phase image with 40 W peak power insonation. In the NMR sequence 50,000 cycles of synchronized sine-shaped motion-sensitizing gradient were applied. Arrows indicate the null-gradient positions of the dedicated gradient coil system. Wavelength is around 2.9 mm and peak matter displacement is around 120 nm. From Ref. 30, reprinted by permission of Wiley-Liss, Inc., a subsidiary of John Wiley Sons, Inc.

Fig. 14.4 Pulse sequences used for the experiments described in this chapter. A [ N HJ-HSQC with water flip back and PFGs. The shaped pulse on the proton channel is a sine-shaped, 1.5 ms soft pulse all other pulses are hard pulses. Gradients are applied as square or sine-shaped pulses. The sign of the last gradient is reversed for anti-echo selection together with the sign of phase 6. B CPMG sequence. C bpPFGLED sequence. The delay T denotes the diffusion delay. Typically, r is set to 1 ms, T to 50-100 ms and Te to 1.2 ms.

There are four types of transposon-derived repeating sequences, of which three transpose through RNA intermediates and one transposes directly as DNA (the last one is considered below). We have already identified the LINEs. The second set is called short interspersed elements (SINEs), of which the Alus are the only active members that exist in the human genome. 

Additional analysis of DNA sequences in the human genome has revealed that large blocks of human genes are filled with repeated elements, including long interspersed repetitive elements (LINEs) and short interspersed repetitive elements (SINEs). Short interspersed repetitive elements such as Alu sequences are often used as target sequences for DNA fingerprinting. 

In Fig.2 we show the evolution of the bond length of the molecule as the non Franck-Condon transition proceeds, both in STIRAP and in APLIP for intuitive and counterintuitive sequences. The calculations were obtained by solving the Schrodinger equation using sine square pulses with FWHM a = 5 ps. The results show that the dynamics... 

Figure 20-25 shows how sequences of three, five, or nine sine and cosine waves give better and better approximations to the curve in Figure 20-24. The coefficients an and bn required to construct the curves in Figure 20-25 are given in Table 20-3.

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