Simulated images

Quantitative analyses ean be aehieved by using the seattering and reeoiling imaging eode (SARIC) simulation and minimization of the R-faetor [33] (seetion B 1.23.4.4) between the experimental and simulated images as a... 

Figure Bl.23.16. Plots of the two-dimensional fJ-faetors as a fiinotion of the deviation d) of the first-seeond interlayer spaeing from the bulk value. The experimental and simulated images along the (ill) and (I I2) azimuths of figure Bl.23,15 were used in the eomparison.

The Wiener filter therefore avoids noise amplification and provides the best solution according to some quality criterion. We will see that these features are common to all other methods which correctly solve the deconvolution inverse problem. The result of applying Wiener inverse-filter to the simulated image is shown in Fig. 3b. 

Figure 3.6 Near-field transient transmission image of a single gold nanorod observed at 0.6 ps (a) and corresponding simulated image (b). (Reproduced with permission from The American Physical Society [27]).

Kim, Y.-H. and Hong, S.H. (2002) Two-dimensional simulation images of pulsed corona discharges in a wire-plate reactor, IEEE Trans. PI. Sci. 30, 168-9. 

F clean surface. The picture has been prepared merging all the individual simulated images together (evaluated at the same density contour value, i.e., 0.359 x 10 7eA 3) and allowing an exponential decay of half a simulation cell toward the clean surface value whenever the simulation cell has been found too small to allow a full recovery of the clean surface baseline. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [3].)... 

Fig. 14 shows the comparison of the photographs from Chandra and Avedisian (1991) with simulated images of this study for a subcooled 1.5 mm n-heptane droplet impact onto a stainless-steel surface of 200 °C. The impact velocity is 93 cm/s, which gives a Weber number of 43 and a Reynolds number of 2300. The initial temperature of the droplet is room temperature (20 °C). In Fig. 14, it can be seen that the evolution of droplet shapes are well simulated by the computation. In the first 2.5 ms of the impact (frames 1-2), the droplet spreads out right after the impact, and a disk-like shape liquid film is formed on the surface. After the droplet reaches the maximum diameter at about 2.1ms, the liquid film starts to retreat back to its center (frame 2 and 3) due to the surface-tension force induced from the periphery of the droplet. Beyond 6.0 ms, the droplet continues to recoil and forms an upward flow in the center of the... 

Fig. 15. Experimental photos (left) by Chandra and Avedisian (1991) and simulated images (right) of the spreading droplet on surface at 200 °C. The formation of a hole in the center of the liquid is captured.

Phase extension proves that the second model gives better and more reasonable results. Fig. 3c shows the final projected potential map of the crystal along [010] with resolution up to 1 A that is obtained after performing the phase extension for two cycles in combination with the diffraction data correction based on the second proposed mode. Hence, it is supposed that, in the examined structure, B atoms replace those Cu atoms sited in the Cu-0 chains. Image simulations based on the multislice theory were performed to confirm the proposed model in Fig. 3e. The simulated image calculated with the crystal thickness of 46 A and defocus value of -650 A is presented in Fig. 3d, which matches the contrast of the averaged experimental image (Fig. 3a) pretty well. 

Figure 5. (a) Deconvoluted image after correction of the dynamical diffraction effect (b) the same as (a) but showing the atomic arrangement schematically (c) result of deconvolution without dynamical diffraction correction and (d) simulated image based on (b). 

In the MAL approach, the approximated exit wave function, F, obtained in the previous iteration step is used to simulate the images of the focal-series. These simulated images are quantitatively compared with the original HRTEM images and a correction to the exit wave function, d is calculated to minimize the difference between the experimental data and the simulation. The corrected exit wave function is then used as the basis to simulate the images of the focal series and the whole process is repeated iteratively until the difference between simulation and experiment is sufficiently small (Figure 8). 

Simulated images from the above atomic positions... 

Fig. 2 (a) symmetry averaged image, (b) deconvoluted image corresponding to figure 1(c), (c) constructed model and (d) simulated image. 

Fig. 3. Experimental average images (top row), deconvoluted images (middle row) and simulated images (bottom row) with U= 200 kV, Cj = 0.5 mm, D = 10 nm, and crystal thickness 4.334 nm. The defocus value is given in every image on the bottom right.

It can be seen that all simulated images fit the corresponding experimental ones shown in the top row of Fig. 3. It is reasonable to say that the proposed model is correct. 

Figure 10.15 Simulated image width as a function of deviation parameter in Bragg case weak beam topographs. Here, the specimen is set off the Bragg peak and an image of the defect occurs only when the lattice planes are locally rotated or dilated back into the Bragg condition. As this occurs only close to the dislocation core, the images are narrowed from those under strong beam conditions...

Fig. 6.4. Image profile with a Na-atom tip. (a) Geometry of the simulation. Two flat and. structureless jellium surfaces, each with an extra Na atom adsorbed on it, represent the tip and the sample, respectively. The net current from these Na atoms is kept constant while moving the Na atoms across each other. The path is generated numerically, (b) The simulated image (.solid curve) is in good agreement with the contour of the bermi-level LDOS and the total-charge-dcnsity contour. The apparent radius, as determined from the curve, is about 12 A. (After Lang, 1986.)...

Figure 3.15. An HRTEM image of the tetragonal y -phase with a simulated image and structure inset.

Figure 5.9. Simulated images of 1.2 nm Ag particle/alumina at 400 kV (a), (b) and (c) are images with no support, near (Aopt), at half a Fouler period underfocus from (Aopt), and diffraction contrast, respectively, (d) to (f) are images with amorphous support of 1.9 nm at various defoci. The particle is still somewhat visible, (g) and (h) diffraction contrast and ideal EM images with 5 nm support. (After Gai et al 1986.)...

Figure 5.23. (a) HRTEM profile image of a CO-reacted Cu-Pd particle indicating a Pd surface. Inset Pd surface with simulated image. The flat surfaces (at B) are (100) the stepped ones (D) are (110). Away from the surface the structure has equal Cu and Pd (inset enlarged area A with image simulation), (b) Extended unit cell model used for image simulations, (a = 0.3 nm.) It minimizes wrap-around effects. 

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