Sideritis species

Among Lamiaceae family plants, except 4/wg postii, none of the species gave hit in the yeast based assay. However, a few Salvia species (S. triloba, S. blepharo-chlaena, S. syriaca), and a few Sideritis species (S. aytachii, S. lycia) showed high inhibition against at least one or two tested yeasts among the three yeasts nsed in DNA damaging microtiter assay (Table 6.1). 

A series e t-kaurane diterpenoids isolated from Sideritis species were tested against A2780 ovarian cancer cell lines, and 7-e/>/candicandiol (Fig. 6.6) showed the highest cytotoxic potential with ICj , = 9.0 pg/mL, and sidol followed it (ICj , = 15.6 pg/mL). 

Gil, M.I. et al.. Distribution of flavonoid algycones and glycosides in Sideritis species from the Canary Islands and Madeira, Phytochemistry, 34, 227, 1993. 

Abdel Sattar et al., Elavonoid glycosides from Sideritis species, Fitoterapia, 64, 278, 1993. 

The examination of Sideritis species (Compositae) has continued to provide further diterpenoids. S. reverchonii contains the tricyclic lagascol and lagascatriol, the beyerenes tobarrol, benuol, jativatriol, 12-acetyljativatriol, and conchitriol, and the atisenes serradiol and sideritol. The X-ray analysis of isosideritol (ent-atis-13-en-7a,16o >17-triol), which was a minor diterpenoid from S. angustifolia, has been described. ... 

The species S. athoa, growing in Greece and Turkey, but harvested in Anatolia, gave [104] a new enf-kauranes, athonolone (65) and a product claimed the new ent-3a, 18-dihydroxy-kaur-16-ene (15). Also five known em-kauranes linearol (18), foliol (16), sidol (17), epicandicandiol (7), ent-3p-hydroxy-kaur-l 6-ene (13), were isolated. Another diterpene, indicated as em-3P,7a-dihydroxy-kaur- 16-ene (14), was claimed to be a known product. Recently, these results were questioned [105] by other authors the new em-3pa, 18-dihydroxy-kaur-16-ene (15) is the known canadiol (28), whereas the known ent-3P,7a-dihydroxy-kaur-l 6-ene (14) was never reported previously hence the structure of this product isolated from S. athoa is worthy of further investigations. In a recent paper on the phytochemical analysis of some Turkish Sideritis species, the occurrence of the known beyerene flavovirol (133) in S. athoa was quoted [106]. 

Infusions and decoctions of the aerial parts of some Sideritis species have been used for a long time in traditional medicine in Spain and other countries of the Mediterranean region, for their gastroprotective and antirheumatic properties [115] and also to treat inflammatory conditions [72,116,117]. 

The best procedures for 3-vinylation or 3-arylation of the indole ring involve palladium intermediates. Vinylations can be done by Heck reactions starting with 3-halo or 3-sulfonyloxyindoles. Under the standard conditions the active catalyst is a Pd(0) species which reacts with the indole by oxidative addition. A major con.sideration is the stability of the 3-halo or 3-sulfonyloxyindoles and usually an EW substituent is required on nitrogen. The range of alkenes which have been used successfully is quite broad and includes examples with both ER and EW substituents. Examples are given in Table 11.3. An alkene which has received special attention is methyl a-acetamidoacrylate which is useful for introduction of the tryptophan side-chain. This reaction will be discussed further in Chapter 13. 

Turkey is one of the unique countries in the world having three different climates, namely continental, mediterrenean and oceanic climates [3]. Turkey is also at the junction of three geographical regions for the plants, mainly Euro-Siberian in North Anatolia, Irano-Turanian in Central and East Anatolia, Mediterrenean in West and South Anatolia. All these properties contribute to the richness and diversity of the flora in Turkey with over 10,000 taxa in 173 families and 1,225 genera [4-7]. There are 15 endemic genera and over 2,650 endemic species. Endemism ratio is around 30%, however it is higher in certain families, such as Scrophulariaceae (52%), Campanulaceae (49%), Lamiaceae (=Labiatae) (44%), Asteraceae (=Compositae) (38%), and even in some particular species, the ratio reach 80-100%, such as Ebenus (100%), Verbascum (80%), Sideritis (78%) [7]. 

Palamino, O.M. et al., Isoscutellarein 7-glucosyl(l —>2) xyloside from sixteen species of Sideritis, Phytochemistry, 42, 101, 1996. 

Ent -3p-hydroxy 13-epi-manoyl oxide (7) (ribenol), Fig. (7), has been used as starting material for a biotransformation process by Curvularia lunata. The in vitro micropropagation of the Sideritis foe tens species has been described and several entananoyl oxide derivatives, as well as other labdanes, have been isolated from micropropagated plants. Recently, biotransformation by Curvularia lunata of some en/-l 3-e/n-manoyl oxides functionalized at C-3 or C-3 and C-12 produced derivatives, which inhibited the growth of the pathogenic protozoa, Leishmania donovani [130],... 

The chemistry of atractyloside has been reviewed. A further relative (87) of cafestol has been isolated from green coffee beans. Sideritis (Labiatae) species have continued to attract attention as a source of diterpenoids. The comparative phytochemistry of Canary Island species has been reviewed. A number of 15-hydroxykaurenes (88)—(90) have been isolated from S. crispata, S. ilicifolia, and S. tragoriganum together with the atisine (91) and beyerene (92) derivatives, ent-18-Acetoxy-3/8,7a,15/S-trihydroxykaur-16-ene has also been obtained from S. scardica. 

The most extensively characterized spectroscopic signature of the Mn ensemble is the S2 state multiline EPR signed initially observed by Dismukes and Siderer [125]. They suggested either Mn2(III,IV) or Mn4((III)3,IV) formulations for this species from their spectral simulations [123]. Hansson et al. confirmed the experimental... 

---