Shortenings production

Depending on the anode material used, the oxidation of a carboxylic acid can lead to a carbenium ion [R ], which is trapped by a nucleophile (NuH) to afford a one-carbon-shortened product (Scheme 33) [112]. 

Analytical measurements of SFI and SFC are relatively precise duplicate determinations should agree within 1 unit. The suggested values given in Table 8.1 for SFI and SFC have rather large tolerances specified, because it is difficult to control the steps in shortening production to closer tolerances than those given. 

A prime requirement is that a minimum shipment, usually 13,392 kg (30,000 lb), be used within the storage life of the product. The storage life of shortenings varies with formulation, and the storage and handling conditions vary within the user s plant. Suppliers should be consulted to determine the storage life of shortening products. 

K. Alexandersen, Storage Conditions for various Margarine and Shortening Products, Technology Memorandum No. 4, Crown Chemtech Ltd., Minnesota, 1993. 

Molecular modeling is a term used to describe a series of techniques that employ both quantum and molecular mechanics in conjunction with computer simulations to study the chemical and physical properties of a material (1). This approach offers a wide range of benefits to industry shortens product develojHnent cycles, reduces production costs, improves product properties and key solid-state structures, and properties that cannot be examined by experimental techniques may be predicted and studied by computer. Following is a brief review of the fundamentals of modeling crystalline systems. 

Besides pure aluminas, other materials like doped aluminas, siliea-aluminas and other binary oxides as well as pure oxides, e.g. magnesium oxide, can be manufactured. Pilot-and semi-commercial production capabilities help to shorten product development cycles and give a high degree of security to the catalyst manufacturer and a faster response to his developmental needs. 

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