Shortcomings of electrothermal sampling

The direct introduction of solids into electrothermal atomizers and vaporizers poses a series of problems especially prominent among which are the following  

Devices for treatment prior to introduction into atomic spectrometers 

Many of the previous problems have been partly solved with the implementation of new instrument developments and improvements in analytical methodology over the past two decades. Progress in three different lines (viz. the design of graphite atomizers specially adapted for handling solid samples, the automation of solid sample insertion and the use of stable-temperature platform furnaces) has helped overcome some of the drawbacks of solid sampling with electrothermal atomizers and vaporizers. 

Calibration in methods involving electrothermai sampling of solid sampies and slurries 

The procedure involving CRMs requires that a reference material containing an appropriate concentration of the target analyte be available. This is not a general calibration 

---