Sheep slaughter

Falandysz, J., 1991. Manganese, copper, zinc, iron, cadmium, mercury and lead in muscle meat, liver and kidneys o poultry, rabbit and sheep slaughtered in the northern part of Poland. Food Addit. Contam. 8, 71-83. 

Spectinomycin 5 days prior to slaughter Cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry... 

Milnes, A. S., Stewart, I., Clifton-Hadley, F. A., Davies, R. H., Newell, D. G., Sayers, A. R., Cheasty, T., Cassar, C., Ridley, A., Cook, A. J., Evans, S. J., Teale, C. J., et al. (2008). Intestinal carriage of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli 0157, Salmonella, thermophilic Campylobacter and Yersinia enterocolitica, in cattle, sheep and pigs at slaughter in Great Britain during 2003. Epidemiol. Infect. 136, 739-746. 

Cephalexin is quickly absorbed and metabolized to unidentified compounds in cattle, sheep, and swine. It is principally excreted in urine but small amounts are also excreted by liver in bile. No detectable residues (limit of detection 60 ppb) were found in cows, in sheep and swine slaughtered at 4 and 10 days, respectively, after receiving intramuscularly 7 mg cephalexin sodiurn/kg bw/day for 5 consecutive days. No detectable residues were found in sheep and swine slaughtered 3 and 2 days, respectively, after receiving 10 mg cephalexin sodium/ kg bw/day intramuscularly for 5 consecutive days. 

The main excretion pathway is through the urine in both calves and swine. Residue depletion studies did not showed detectable ( 0.01 ppm) residues in calves treated orally with 8 mg clavulanic acid-ampicillin formulation/kg bw for 3 days and slaughtered after 3 days or in calves, pigs, and sheep treated intramuscularly with 1.75 mg/kg bw for 5 days and slaughtered after 10, 7, and 14 days, respectively. 

Cambendazole has been implicated in teratogenic effects in pregnant ewes. Hence, long slaughter clearance times of 21 and 28 days have been recommended for treated cattle and sheep, respectively. 

Because of its relatively short excretion time, xylazine produces residue concentrations below 0.1 ppm in all edible tissues of sheep and cows except the injection site, liver, and kidney, at 20 h after intramuscular administration (115). In addition, xylazine is not excreted with cow milk. Hence, only 2 days are recommended in Norway between treatment and slaughter of cattle or the delivery of milk for human consumption. However, liver and kidney should be discarded if slaughter has taken place less than 4 days after medication. 

The most widely used and researched growth promotant of this type is the polyether antibiotic monensin (63). Monensin, at levels of 33 p.p.m. in feed, has been shown to increase efficiency of feed utilization in both sheep and cattle fed a variety of rations by up to 12%. Slaughter and carcass analysis data indicate that the main effect of the compound is to increase the efficiency of dietary energy retention in the carcass. Its mode of action is thought to be related to its ability to increase the molar proportion of propionate, at the expense of acetate and butyrate, produced in rumen fermentation probably by an effect on the relative microfloral populations. Theoretically this should make more energy available to the animal. 

Leather is a very complex and heterogeneous substrate. Once the animal has been slaughtered, the hide or skin has to be removed, cleaned, depilated, and tanned in the so-called beam house process. The term hide is used for the outer covering of animals with a body surface area of more than 1 m2 like bovines, and the term skin for that of smaller animals like sheep, goats, and pigs. Large proportions of sheepskins are used for fur production. 

In the case of tallow, two broad categories are defined edible and inedible. Edible tallow originates from cattle or sheep that are judged by a competent regulatory authority to be healthy, sound, and fit for consumption at the time of slaughter. Tallow obtained from the inedible offal resulting from slaughter, from animals unfit for consumption, or from outdated meats returned from commercial outlets is classified as inedible. 

Foods made from meat or meat by-products are in this category. Only meats from kosher species of animals or fowl are permitted and only if slaughtered under kosher guidelines. In order for an animal to be kosher it must chew its cud and have a split hoof. For example, a pig has a split hoof, but does not chew its cud. A camel chews its cud, but does not have a split hoof. Kosher species include cattle, sheep, chicken and turkey. Following a ritual slaughter by a... 

Results of the sheep trial are presented in Table II. The pen of lambs fed basal plus 2.5% oak sawdust made greater daily gain than the other pens and used the least feed per unit of gain. These differences, however, were not statistically significant. Including either oak sawdust or oyster shell appeared to improve animal performance over the basal (all-concentrate) ration. When the lambs were slaughtered, the rumens from all treatment groups were free of parakeratosis. 

Oak sawdust proved more valuable than oyster shell as a roughage factor in all concentrate mixtures for slaughter cattle and sheep. 

Nondigestible proteins are those that consist of heavily cross-linked helices (e.g., skin, hair, horn) or of P-pleated sheets (e.g., silk). Whereas cattle hides typically contain 65% water, 33% protein, 2% fats, and 0.5% mineral salts, finished leather is more than 80% pure collagen. Collagen is a left-handed triple helix with a pitch of 8.6 A (see sec. 9.2.3). The most frequent repeat unit is gly-cyl-X-Y, where X and Y are often prolyl and hydroxyprolyl units. Close to 3 x 10 heads of cattle, sheep, and goats are slaughtered worldwide per year and pro-... 

The study group comprised 16 clinically normal sheep, nine from polluted area and seven from an agricultural area with minimum pollution (control). The target samples were collected at the time of slaughtering. 

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