Shareholder advocacy

On the other hand some advocate that companies should bear the full social costs of their operations, thereby internalizing these externalities. But Wall Street bestows rewards for companies that externalize as much of their cost as possible. In some very specific cases, externalities can be addressed through nonregula-tory means such as shareholder advocacy and public relations (Vogel, 1977). But... 

Table 2.1 Shareholder advocacy Resolutions to Annual Meetings, USA 2005. ...

In examining best practices in diversity and inclusion governance, we learned that governance continues to be a cornerstone of effective diversity and affirmative action efforts. Across industries, diversity is growing in its importance to boards of directors, external advocacy groups, investors, and shareholders. All these stakeholders want to see more transparency in operations, so they are examining the extent of diversity and how it is reflected at all levels in organizations. 

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