Shapiro, Robert

Sauer. John C., 3 Schaefer. John P 15 Schorc. Neil E.. 40 Schulenberg, J. W., 14 Schweizer, Edward E., 13 Scott. William J.. 50 Scribner. R. M.. 21 Sccbergcr, Peter H., 68 Semmelhack. Martin F 19 Sengupta, Saumitra, 41 Sethna. Suresh. 7 Shapiro. Robert H.. 23 Sharts, Clay M.. 12. 21 Sheehan, John C.. 9 Sheldon. Roger A.. 19 Sheppard. W. A.. 21 Shibasaki. Masakatsu. 70 Shirley, David A.. 8 Shriner, Ralph L.. I Simmons. Howard E 20 Simonoff, Robert. 7 Slowinski. Franck. 68 Smith, Lee Irvin. I Smith. Peter A. S., 3, 11 Smithers. Roger. 37 Snow. Sheri L 66 Spielman. M. A.. 3 Spoeni, Paul E., 5 Stacey, F. W 13 Stadler. Alexander. 63 Stanforth. Stephen P.. 49. 56 Stetter. Hermann. 40 Struve, W. S., 1 Suter. C. M 3 Swamer. Frederic W.. 8 Swem. Daniel. 7... 

We wish to thank Martin Shapiro, Robert Farrar, Richard A. Gomez and Robert W. Behle for comments on the early draft. This study received ftnancial support fi-om UANL (PAICY) grant CA-745-02 and CONACyT 36815-B. 

Shapiro, I.A. Robert Fludd s stage-illustration. Shakespeare Studs 2 (1966) 192-209. 

The prebiotic chemistry of the nucleic acid bases is still the subject of debate among experts. One of the most mindful critics is Robert Shapiro, professor of chemistry at New York University and a DNA expert. His book Origins-A Sceptic s Guide to Creation of Life on Earth includes a critical analysis of the results previously obtained in biogenesis research (Shapiro 1986). Shapiro s has been the critical voice in the community of biogenesis researchers for many years. He identifies the weak points in some of the audacious hypotheses, which are often raised to the status of theories even though they involve many open questions. 

The still open question, Information or metabolism first has again been discussed by Robert Shapiro. In an article with the title Did This Molecule Start Life A Simple Origin for Life , he again stresses that it is improbable that life could have begun in an RNA world (referred to here as RNA-first ). Shapiro offers his own suggestion in the metabolism debate he assumes that cyclical processes, occurring in small compartments, lead from small molecules to systems of higher complexity. The Shapiro model takes into account aspects of the approaches and hypotheses proposed by Wachtershauser (see Sect. 7.3), de Duve (see Sect. 7.4) and Kauffmann (see Sect. 9.3). In order to avoid one-sidedness, Shapiro s article is accompanied by a short reply An RNA-First Researcher Replies . In this way, the reader is shown in a clear and understandable manner what the differences between the two approaches are (Shapiro, 2007). 

Submitted by Robert H. Shapiro and J. H. Duncan1 Cheeked by Robert Czarny and Robert E. Ireland... 

D. Seebach L. H. Selman Robert H. Shapiro James J. Sims Claibourne D. Smith... 

Berndt, Ernst R., Margaret K. Kyle, and Davina C. Ling. 2003. The Long Shadow of Patent Expiration Generic Entry and Rx to OTC Switches. Chapter 8 in Scanner Data and Price Indexes, NBER Series on the Conference on Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 61, ed. by Robert C. Feenstra and Matthew D. Shapiro, 229-267. Chicago University of Chicago Press for the National Bureau of Economic Research. 

ROBERT SHAPIRO is professor emeritus and senior research scientist in the Department of Chemistry at New York University. His research has centered on the chemistry of nucleic acids, with emphasis on the reactions of DNA and RNA with carcinogens and mutagens. Dr. Shapiro is author or co-author of over 110 publications, primarily in the area of DNA chemistry. In particular, he and his co-workers have studied the ways in which environmental chemicals can damage our hereditary material, causing changes that can lead to mutations and cancer. 

JOHN K. KAWOOYA, PAMELA S. KEIM, JOHN H. LAW, CLARK T. RILEY, ROBERT O. RYAN, and JEFFREY P. SHAPIRO... 

Having successfully made the transition from chemicals to bioscience, Monsanto pioneered the development of genetically modified crop seed that reduces the need for pesticides and herbicides. Company officials, however, never anticipated the major opposition from environmental groups, consumers, and antiglobalization activists, and the public fears of genetically modified foods. In 2000, then CEO Robert Shapiro admitted as much We learned that there is often a fine line between scientific confidence, on the one hand, and corporate arrogance on the other We didn t... 

DNP appears to be metabolized to less toxic metabolites (primarily aminonitrophenols) that are excreted in the urine (Davidson and Shapiro 1934 Gisclard and Woodward 1946 Ogino and Yasukura 1957 Perkins 1919 Robert and Hagardorn 1985). The mechanism of excretion may be passive diffusion, in part, although there is some evidence from one in vitro study of active secretion of 2,4- DNP by the renal organic acid transport process (Berndt and Grote 1968). 

Toxicity of Dinitrophenol Metabolites. Since dinitrophenols are metabolized in the body (Davidson and Shapiro 1934 Eiseman et al. 1972 Gisclard and Woodward 1946 Okino and Yasukura 1957 Perkins 1919 Robert and Hagardorn 1985), exposure to DNPs also results in exposure to DNP metabolites. While information on the metabolism of DNPs is limited to 2,4-DNP, it is likely that the metabolism of the other DNP isomers would also be carried out by a nitroreductase and result in aminonitrophenols and diaminophenols. Table 3-3 in Chapter 3 lists the parent DNPs and their likely metabolites. 

Exposure. 2,4-DNP and metabolites have been monitored in body fluids and tissues of humans and animals (Davidson and Shapiro 1934 Gehring and Buerge 1969b Gisclard and Woodward 1946 Kaiser 1964 Lawford et al. 1954 Parker 1952 Perkins 1919 Robert and Hagardorn 1983, 1985). The predominant compounds in blood and urine appear to be unchanged 2,4-DNP and 2-amino-4-nitrophenol. Systematic attempts to correlate levels of 2,4-DNP or its metabolites in blood or urine with exposure levels have not been made. The total amount or concentration of 2,4-DNP and its principal metabolite(s) would probably be a better indicator of exposure than either alone. It would be useful to investigate this possibility. 

A.H. Shapiro, The Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Compressible Flow. Robert E. Rrieger, Florida, 1985. 

Shapiro, R. H. Duncan, J. H. Clopton, J. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 471-472. Robert H. Shapiro was an assistant professor at the University of Colorado. He was not given tenure despite getting a reaction named after him. 

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