Shale-normalized ratios

Fractionation of the lanthanides is a major theme of the literature and hence this article. Fractionation in natural waters is often quantified by computing shale-normalized ratios... 

Fig. 16. (a, b) Shale-normalized ratios of filtered seawater and suspended particles from a sample collected at 255 m in the Sargasso Sea in April 1989. Results from three sequential digestions of the suspended particles (acetic acid, strong acid and bomb) are compared, (c) Shale-normalized ratio of dust collected at Bermuda in August 1989. Dust data from Sholkovitz et al. (1993) include the results of a mild digestion with dilute HCl... 

Fig. 43. Shale-normalized ratios of suspended particles from the TAG site. T refers to sample collected above of the plume (ambient type seawater) and B refers to particles collected in the plume. Data from German et al. (1990).

Fig. 37. Temporal variation of the Nd/Yb ratio in the bottom water and upper porewater for the CHEER time-series study of Chesapeake Bay. Four symbols refer to estimated values, as the heavy-lanthanide (Yb) fractions from these samples were lost (see sect. 3). The Yb concentrations were estimated by using the shale-normalized patterns generated from the light lanthanide and middle lanthanide fiactions and extrapolating to Yb. This leads to good ( 10%) estimates as the lanthanide patterns are smooth (see fig. 7). From Sholkovitz...

Figure 1. Normalized carbon to hydrogen atomic ratios of fuel residues during equilibrium batch distillation of Gulf Coast No. 6 petroleum fuel oil, Indo-Malaysian No. 6 petroleum fuel oil, and Raw Paraho shale oil.

Performance The dry pan is useful for crushing medium-hard and soft materials such as clays, shales, cinders, and soft minerals such as barites. Materials fed should normally be 7.5 cm (3 in) or smaller, and a product able to pass No. 4 to No. 16 sieves can be delivered, depending on the hardness of the material. High reduction ratios with low power and maintenance are features of pan crushers. Production rates can range from 1 to 54 Mg/h (1 to 60 tons/h) according to pan size and hardness of material as well as fineness of feed and product. 

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