Sensitivity factor analysis steels

Chapter 10 provides an exhaustive description of how these techniques can be applied to a large number of industrial alloys and other materials. This includes a discussion of solution and substance databases and step-by-step examples of multi-component calculations. Validation of calculated equilibria in multi-component alloys is given by a detailed comparison with experimental results for a variety of steels, titanium- and nickel-base alloys. Further selected examples include the formation of deleterious phases, complex precipitation sequences, sensitivity factor analysis, intermetallic alloys, alloy design, slag, slag-metal and other complex chemical equilibria and nuclear applications. 

The effects of quench rate on IGC for Al-Gu, Al-Gu-Mg, and Al-Cu-Mg-Mn alloys as well as for austenitic stainless steels is considered to be well-understood [43, 74, 75, 106]. Integration of the effects of precipitation and solute depletion at each temperature during a quench (i.e., quench factor analysis) can be compared to isothermal time-temperature-sensitization diagrams in order to predict the quench rate required to avoid IGC [43, 74]. Alloys... 

The application of SIMS, SNMS, SSMS and GDMS in quantitative trace analysis for conducting bulk material is restricted to matrices where standard reference materials (SRMs) are available. For quantification purposes, the well characterized multi-element SRMs (e.g., from NIST) are useful. In Table 9.5 the results of the analysis by SNMS and the RSCs (relative sensitivity coefficients) for different elements in a low alloy steel standard (NBS 467) are compared with those of SSMS. Both solid-state mass spectrometric techniques with high vacuum ion sources allow the determination of light non-metals such as C, N, and P in steel, and the RSCs for the elements measured vary from 0.5 to 3 (except C). RSCs are applied as a correction factor in the analytical method used to obtain... 

Direct inlet probe FAB-MS is an important tool in the analysis of compounds that are thermolabile and/or lack volatility [102]. Lack of sensitivity was initially a limiting factor but detection limits have been enhanced 10-100 fold, because of reduced suppression effects [103], with the use of a dynamic system in which the HPLC effluent is passed continuously into the ion source of the MS [104,105]. In the case of a frit-FAB HPLC interface, which is available commercially, reverse phase HPLC mobile phase, containing 1% glycerol as a matrix, is introduced into the ion source via a steel frit. The sample and matrix are then ionised on the inner surface of the frit with a beam of accelerated xenon atoms (Fig. 9). The optimum rate at which the HPLC mobile phase can be introduced into the ion source is 5 p.1 min and this necessitates the use of a reliable splitter when a conventional 2-5 mm bore HPLC column is used. Although a commercial post-column splitter is available, it is of limited value in the analysis of traee quantities of compounds. 

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