Self-organization structure

Belouzov-Zhabotinsky reaction [12, 13] This chemical reaction is a classical example of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, forming a nonlinear chemical oscillator [14]. Redox-active metal ions with more than one stable oxidation state (e.g., cerium, ruthenium) are reduced by an organic acid (e.g., malonic acid) and re-oxidized by bromate forming temporal or spatial patterns of metal ion concentration in either oxidation state. This is a self-organized structure, because the reaction is not dominated by equilibrium thermodynamic behavior. The reaction is far from equilibrium and remains so for a significant length of time. Finally,... 

Biological cell This is an often cited prime example of a self-organized structure. 

Fixation of hydrophilic units as side-groups of a hydrophobic macromolecular chain leads to water-soluble polysoaps [205], exhibiting a similar diversity of self-organized structures like the monomeric analogues. A detailed review can be found in [206]. In contrast to polyelectrolytes and ionomers described above, the association of the amphiphilic groups of polysoaps occurs preferentially intramolecularly. As a consequence the solution viscosity remains low, even for highly concentrated solutions [207] and no critical micelle concentration (CMC) can be found up to extreme dilutions [208,209]. 

Keywords Conjugated polymers Polyfluorenes Self-organization Structure Supramolecules... 

Fig. 12 a The architecture of a supermolecule, and b the complex self-organized structure of a supramolecular entity... 

Fig. 3 Molecular structure of a rod-coil-rod twin mesogenic molecule containing an oligo(ethylene oxide) moiety, and its self-organized structure...

Kunieda H, John AC, Pons R, Solans C. Highly concentrated emulsions (gel emulsions) macro self-organizing structures. In Esumi K, Ueno M, eds. Structure-Performance Relationships in Surfactants. Vol. 70. Surfactant Science Series. New York Marcel Dekker, 1997 359-393. 

Fig. 9. Self-organization structures of block copolymers and surfactants spherical micelles, cylindrical micelles, vesicles, fee- and bcc-packed spheres (FCC, BCC), hexagonaUy packed cylinders (HEX), various minimal surfaces (gyroid, F-surface, P-surface), simple lamellae (LAM), as well as modulated and perforated lamellae (MLAM, PLAM) (with permission from [5])...

H. Kunieda, A.C. Johns, R. Pons and C. Solans, Highly Concentrated Emulsions -Gel Emulsions Macro-Self-Organizing Structures, in [41], pp. 359. 

In the cases of the hydrogen-bonded materials described in the previous sections, single homogeneous liquid-crystalline phases without phase separation are displayed by the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Here, liquid-crystalline physical gels, anisotropic functional materials with heterogeneous self-organized structures (Type B in Fig. 2), are discussed. 

---