Selected Atomic Nuclei Characteristics

So far we have considered the atomic shell and the point (dimensionless) nucleus with charge Ze interacting with electrons by Coulomb forces according to the laws of quantum mechanics. The account of the nuclei characteristics with a definite dimension raises many important and interesting phenomena. They are the basis of modem methods of investigation of atomic and molecular structure of chemical substances. 

The aim of the present chapter is to give relevant information on the atomic nucleus. Taking into account the general aim of the book, we will only touch on those nuclei properties, which have a direct bearing on the description of methods, so this information cannot be considered as comprehensive. 

Among the modem chemical and physical methods of investigation, spectroscopic methods are widely used (they are often called instmmental methods). These methods allow quantitative information on composition and structure to be obtained effectively and rapidly, and also enable analytical and other problems to be solved without the destmction of the materials tested. Further, these methods are in the process of development and improvement. 

Very popular among these methods are the nuclear resonance (spectroscopic) methods, which are based on the fundamental discoveries made in quantum mechanics and radioengineering in the second part of the 20th century, namely, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), nuclear quadmpole resonance (NQR), y-resonance (Mbssbauer) spectroscopy (FRS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and others. 

As these resonance methods are based on electron-nuclear interactions, we must provide some information on the nuclear physics required to understand the subject. 

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