Seismic time-lapse

If the original field development plan was not based on a 3-D seismic survey (which would be a commonly used tool for new fields nowadays), then it would now be normal practice to shoot a 3-D survey for development purposes. The survey would help to provide definition of the reservoir structure and continuity (faulting and the extension of reservoir sands), which is used to better locate the development wells. In some cases time-lapse 3-D seismic 4D surveys carried out a number of years apart, see Section 2) is used to track the displacement of fluids in the reservoir. 

Arts R., Eiken O., et al. Monitoring of C02 injected at Sleipner using time-lapsed seismic data. 2004 Energy Conversion and Management 29 1383-1392. 

Saito H., Nobuoka D., et al. Time-lapse crosswell seismic tomography for monitoring injected C02 in an onshore aquifer, Nagaoka, Japan. 2006 Journal of Exploration Geophysics 37 30-36. 

Daley T.M., Myer L., et al. Time-lapse crosswell seismic and VSP monitoring of injected C02 in a brine aquifer. 2008 Environmental Geology 54 1657-1665. 

Surface waves constructed from cross-correlations of ambient seismic noise can be inverted for 3D seismic velocity structure. Seismic anisotropy from ambient noise tomography can be calculated. These calculatimis are different from the time-lapse studies that detect temporal variations in isotropic seismic velocities using ambient noise interferometry (see Tracking Changes in Volcanic Systems with Seismic Interferometry ). 

M. Landr0, H. Hafslund Veire, K. Duffaut, and N. Najjar (2003) Discrimination between pressure and fluid saturation changes from marine multicomponent time-lapse seismic data. Geophysics 68(5), 1592-1599. 

A Method for Ranking CO2 Flow Models Using Seismic Modeling and Time-Lapse Data... 

R. Arts, R. Esayed, L. van der Meer, O. Eiken, S. Ostmo, A. Chadwick, G. Kirby, and B. Zinszner (2002) Estimation of the mass of injected C02 at Sleipner using time-lapse seismic data. 64th EAGE Annual Conference Exhibition, Florence, Italy, 2002. 

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