Sedation butorphanol

Butorphanol produces analgesia equivalent to nalbuphine and buprenorphine but appears to produce more sedation at equianalgesic doses. Butorphanol is considered to be predominantly agonist. However, it may also act as a partial agonist or antagonist at the M- receptor. 

Schatzmann U, Armbruster S, Stucki F et al 2001 Analgesic effect of butorphanol and levomethadone in detomidine sedated horses. Journal of Veterinary Medicine A Physiology, Pathology, Clinical Medicine 48 337-342 Schwedler M, Miletich D J, Albrecht R F 1982 Cerebral blood flow and metabolism following ketamine administration. Canadian Anaesthetists Society Journal 29 222-226... 

Side effects of nalbuphine are like those of other k. Dysphoria is not as common as with pentazocine. Sedation is the most common side effect. Nalbuphine does not have the adverse cardiovascular properties found with pentazocine and butorphanol. Nalbuphine has low abuse potential and is not listed under the Controlled Substances Act. 

K Nalbuphine Butorphanol Pentazocine Dynorphins Sedation Sedation analgesia dysphoria dissociative, deliriant and hallucinogenic effects... 

Butorphanol increases cardiac work and can cause pulmonary hypertension. At super-therapeutic doses, it can incite dysphoria. Other CNS effects include depression of spontaneous respiratory activity and cough, stimulation of the emetic center, miosis, and sedation. Effects possibly mediated by non-CNS mechanisms include alteration in cardiovascular resistance and capacitance, bronchomotor tone, gastrointestinal secretory and motor activity, and bladder sphincter activity. Butorphanol metabolites have minor analgesic activity [2,3]. 

Butorphanol (Figure 13.2) is a mixed receptor agonist with partial p receptor agonist activity and k actions. " It is of low toxicity and is considered to have a low potential for abuse.It is used in veterinary medicine for sedation, immobilisation and analgesia for laboratory, companion and exotic animals... 

S. K. Ringer, K. G. Portier, I. Fourel and R. Bettschart-Wolfensberger, Development of a romifidine constant rate infusion with or without butorphanol for standing sedation of horses, Vet. Anaesthsth. Analg., 2012, 39, 12-20. 

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