Screening catalyst design process

Substrate synthesis, reaction parameters, enantioenrichment via biocatalysis, catalyst handling, economic considerations Catalyst screening, substrate design, process optimization, application of Josiphos ligands, ligand synthesis, scale-up Production considerations, comparison with classical methods... 

NASA conducted studies on the development of the catalysts for methane decomposition process for space life-support systems [94], A special catalytic reactor with a rotating magnetic field to support Co catalyst at 850°C was designed. In the 1970s, a U.S. Army researcher M. Callahan [95] developed a fuel processor to catalytically convert different hydrocarbon fuels to hydrogen, which was used to feed a 1.5 kW FC. He screened a number of metals for the catalytic activity in the methane decomposition reaction including Ni, Co, Fe, Pt, and Cr. Alumina-supported Ni catalyst was selected as the most suitable for the process. The following rate equation for methane decomposition was reported ... 

In 1997, the first truly catalytic enantioselective Mannich reactions of imines with silicon enolates using a novel zirconium catalyst was reported [9, 10]. To solve the above problems, various metal salts were first screened in achiral reactions of imines with silylated nucleophiles, and then, a chiral Lewis acid based on Zr(IV) was designed. On the other hand, as for the problem of the conformation of the imine-Lewis acid complex, utilization of a bidentate chelation was planned imines prepared from 2-aminophenol were used [(Eq. (1)]. This moiety was readily removed after reactions under oxidative conditions. Imines derived from heterocyclic aldehydes worked well in this reaction, and good to high yields and enantiomeric excesses were attained. As for aliphatic aldehydes, similarly high levels of enantiomeric excesses were also obtained by using the imines prepared from the aldehydes and 2-amino-3-methylphenol. The present Mannich reactions were applied to the synthesis of chiral (3-amino alcohols from a-alkoxy enolates and imines [11], and anti-cc-methyl-p-amino acid derivatives from propionate enolates and imines [12] via diastereo- and enantioselective processes [(Eq. (2)]. Moreover, this catalyst system can be utilized in Mannich reactions using hydrazone derivatives [13] [(Eq. (3)] as well as the aza-Diels-Alder reaction [14-16], Strecker reaction [17-19], allylation of imines [20], etc. 

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