Schulz reflection method

The most popular is the Schulz reflection method [9.13], It requires a special specimen holder which allows rotation of the specimen in its own plane about an axis normal to its surface and about a horizontal axis these axes are shown as BB and AA n Fig. 9-16. The horizontal axis A A lies in the specimen surface and is initially adjusted, by rotation about the diffractometer axis, to make equal angles with the incident and diffracted beams. After this is done, no further rotation about the diffractometer axis is made. Since the axis A A remains in a fixed posi-... 

Figure 9-17 shows a specimen holder suitable for either transmission method and for the Schulz reflection method. 

Fig. 9-17 Pole-figure goniometer. The specimen shown is positioned for measurements by the transmission method, and a simple change in the orientation of the specimen holder allows measurements by the Schulz reflection method. The x-ray tube is seen here end-on. This instrument is designed for automatic operation. (Courtesy of Siemens Corporation.)...

Over the last decades, infrared (IR) vibrational sprectroscopy has been well established as a useful tool for structure elucidation and quafity control in several industrial applications. Indeed, the development of Fourier transform (FT) IR and attenuated total reflectance (ATR) techniques have also evolved allowing rapad IR measurements of organosolvent extracts of plant tissues, edible oils, and essential oils, for example (Damm et al., 2005 Lai et al., 1994 Schulz Baranska, 2007). In consequence of the strong dip>ole moment of water, IR spectroscopy applications have mostly focused on the analysis of dried or non-aqueous plant matrices and currently IR methods are widely used as a fast analytical technique for the authentication and detection of adulteration of vegetable oils. 

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