Schroder

Schwarzer D, Schroeder J and Schroder Ch 2000 Quantum yields for the photodissociation of iodine in compressed liquids and supercritical fluids Z. Phys. Chem. 214... 

Schroder R R, Jahn W, Manstein D, Hoimes K C and Spudich J A 1993 Three-dimensionai atomic modei of F-actin decorated with Dictyostelium myosin SI Nature 364 171-4... 

Angert i, Ma]orovits E and Schroder R R 2000 Zero-ioss image formation and modified contrast transfer theory of EFTEM Uitramicroscopy 81 203-22... 

Menetret J-F, Hofmann W, Schroder R R, Rapp G and Goody R S 1991 Time-resolved cryo-electron microscopic study of the dissociation of actomyosin Induced by photolysis of photolablle nucleotides J. Mol. Biol. 219 139-43... 

Hwang R Q, Schroder J, Gunther C and Behm R J 1991 Fractal growth of two-dimensional islands Au on Ru(OOOI) Rhys. Rev. Lett. 67 3279... 

The most intriguing hydrocarbon of this molecular formula is named buUvalene, which is found in the mixture of products of the reaction given above. G. SchrOder (1963, 1964, 1967) synthesized it by a thermal dimerization presumably via diradicais of cyciooctatetraene and the photolytical cleavage of a benzene molecule from this dimer. The carbon-carbon bonds of buUvalene fluctuate extremely fast by thermal Cope rearrangements. 101/3 = 1,209,6(X) different combinations of the carbon atoms are possible. 

Ldbke, K. Schroder, E. Kloss, G. 1975, Chemie und Biochemie der Aminosduren. Peptide und Proteine, Vol. I, Thieme Stuttgart... 

G. Schroder, in U/lmann s Enyc/opedia of Industrial Chemisty, Vol. A22, VCH Pubhshers, Weinheim, Germany, 1993. 

Wertheim Schroder, Calgon Carbon Corp., Company Report No. 955346, Mar. 19, 1990. 

W. Fischer, EUROCORR 87, DECHEMA, Frankfurt 1987, S. 719B724 W. Fischer U. Hermann u. M. Schroder, Werkstoffe u. Korrosion 42, 620 1991. Schiffbautechnische Gesellschaft, STG-Richtilinien Nr. 2220, Hamburg 1988. 

G. Schroder, Cyclootatetraene, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1965 G. I. Fray and R. G. Saxton, The Chemistry of Cyclooctatetraene and Its Derivatives, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1978. 

Phenolic resins were the first totally synthetic plastics invented. They were commercialized by 1910 [I]. Their history begins before the development of the structural theory of chemistry and even before Kekule had his famous dreams of snakes biting their tails. It commences with Gerhardt s 1853 observations of insoluble resin formation while dehydrating sodium salicylate [2]. These were followed by similar reports on the behavior of salicylic acid derivatives under a variety of reaction conditions by Schroder et al. (1869), Baeyer (1872), Velden (1877), Doebner (1896 and 1898), Speyer (1897) and Baekeland (1909-1912) [3-17]. Many of these early reports appear to involve the formation of phenolic polyesters rather than the phenol-aldehyde resins that we think of today. For... 

Schroder and Witt ° have reported the synthesis of crown ethers having fluctuating ring sizes which they have termed breathing crown ethers . The structures are based on the bullvalene subunit and, as the tetracyclic subunit undergoes Cope rearrangement, the size of the macroring likewise varies. The synthetic steps follow the conventional routes used for the preparation of crown ethers and are illustrated in Eq. (3.44). 

From their structures, it appears that the hydrolytic stability of macrocyclic lactones must necessarily be inferior to macrocyclic polyethers. Ease of synthesis of the cyclic esters is therefore one of the aspects which commend them to interest. It is probably for this reason that such lactones have not been made more often by the interesting approach of Kdgel and Schroder . These workers report the ozonolysis of dibenzo-18-crown-6 in a mixture of methanol and dichloromethane at —20°. Reduction of the ozon-ide at —75° using dimethylsulfide followed by warming and addition of acetone led to formation of 6 in 14% yield. The bis-oxalate had mp 164—165° from acetone, very similar to that of the starting crown. The transformation is illustrated below in Eq. (5.9). 

---