Scattering fractions, light

Haze is generally caused by the scattering of light in crystalline polymers. Optical inhomogenities with dimensions in the wavelength range of visible light cause haze. The latter often corresponds to the spherulite volume fraction, spherulite size and crystallinity. An increased size of spherulites results in... 

Ice particle measurements in the expansion experiment with 40% OC soot aerosol markedly differ from the 16% OC sample. Note that the optical particle spectrometer hardly detects any ice particles. Additionally, extinction signatures of ice are barely visible in the infrared spectra and diere is only a weak intensity increase of the back-scattered laser light in course of the expansion. The number concentration of ice crystals is less than 10 cm, thus < 1% of the seed aerosol particles act as deposition ice nuclei. In contrast to the 16% OC experiment, no precise critical ice saturation ratio can be specified for the 40% OC soot sample. RHi continues to increase to 190% because very little water vapour is lost on the small surface area of the scarce ice crystals. In summary, die comparison of the two expansion experiments provides first evidence that a higher fraction of organic carbon notably suppresses the ice nucleation potential of flame soot particles. 

Fig. 1 8. Scattering of light by polystyrene (Mw = 1.1 x 105) in cyclohexane the inverse scattering intensities are plotted against q2 (from Kojima, Kuwahara, and Kaneko8). The scattering experiments were performed at various temperatures along the isochore (p = 0.0813 (close to (pc = 0.0825). For this volume fraction, the (nearly critical) temperature T(

Table III shows the data obtained from bioassay with saflBiowers the semi-logarithmic plots of the data are shown in Figure 3. The effect of the suspended solids (0.04% by weight) seems insignificant at this shallow depth. Substances in the solution which absorb or scatter the light are expected to diminish the photodecomposition rate by reducing the amounts of light available. Here the fraction of light absorbed and/or scattered is insuflBcient to reduce the amount available for photodegrading picloram.

FIGURE 2.11 Scheme of measurement (o) with one driving n pulse, (b) with fractionated n pulse (n-times jt/n), no intermediate probing, and (c) with tr/n pulses alternating with probe pulses, and simultaneous detection of scattered probe light. PC photon counting. 

FIGURE 1. Continuous bimodal lifetime distribution function (fractional contribution to the total intensity versus lifetime) for open (left) and closed (ri t) reaction center of Photosystem II at 4 C under anaerobic conditions. Inserts ow the respective phase (a) and modulation (X) data as a function of frequency (MHz) with the best bimodal distribution fit (-). Sanples were excited at 580 nm with a collimated 1 mW laser beam. Emission was observed through a monochromator at 680 nm (FWHM bandpass 16 nm) and a Hoya R-64 cut-off filter to eliminate scattered excitation light. 

Haze characterizes the loss of contrast that results when objects are viewed through a scattering mediiun. The deterioration of contrast is due mainly to light scattered forward at large angles to the undeviated transmitted beam and is usually expressed through the forward-scattered fraction. 

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