Sample setup

FIG. 25-28 Integrated-sample setup for moleciilar-weight determination. 

FIG. 25-29 Grab -sample setup for moleciilar-weigbt determination. 

Fig. 2. Schematics of sample setup and the cell for measuring the diameter of the cylindrical gels...

Figure J. High-volume sampling setup installed at Terceira (a-orifice).

Fig. 29. Origin of systematic errors in spite of potentially error-free analysis. On-line sampling setups (top) and time trajectories of limiting substrate concentration during sample preparation in the two paradigmatic setups depending on the actual culture density (bottom). Either a filter in bypass loop is used for the preparation of cell-free supernatant (upper part in top insert) or an aliquot of the entire culture is removed using an automatic sampler valve and a sample bus for further inactivation and transport of the samples taken (lower part). Both methods require some finite time for sample transportation from the reactor outlet (at z = 0) to the location where separation of cells from supernatant or inactivation by adding appropriate inactivators (at z = L) takes place. During transport from z = 0 to z = L, the cells do not stop consuming substrate. A low substrate concentration in the reactor (namely s KS) and a maximal specific substrate consumption rate of 3 g g h 1 were assumed in the simulation example to reflect the situation of either a fed-batch or a continuous culture of an industrially relevant organism such as yeast. The actual culture density (in g 1 1) marks some trajectories in the mesh plot. Note that the time scale is in seconds...

Figures 2a, b, and c are from the first group of this work sample containers without lead foil. Five sample setups (in the pressure ranges which follow) were used to draw the figures 8-26, 24-32, 30-32 and then to 30, 32-4, and...

Fig. 2. Phase diagrams of bismuth. The sample containers were not wrapped with lead foils, (a) Upstroke. Three sample setups were used, b) Downstroke. Three sample setups were used however, a run marked 0 was the same sample setup as that in (a), (c) Up-stroke corrected by the volumetric method described in the text. Only a few representative spots were marked on the diagram.

Figures 3a, b, and c belong to the second group the cylindrical surface of a sample container was wrapped with lead foil to reduce friction between the cylinder and the container. Two sample setups were used to make the figures 8-26 and 26-32 then to 2 then 10 to 32 then to 20.5 kbar. Figures 3a and b were drawn as pressure increased and decreased, respectively, and Fig. 3c is the pressure calibrated diagram. The calibration values with lead foil were smaller than those without lead foil, as is seen in Table I.

Sampling setup with Enerac 2000 analyzer. (Slavejkov, A. G., and Baukal, C. E., Transport Phenomena in Combustion, Taylor Francis, Boca Raton, FL, 1996.)... 

In order to ensure that the measurements are valid, the authors have developed a simple calibration accessory that is traceable to NIST standards [9]. This allows a set value of mercury concentration to be introduced at different stages of the measurement/sampling setup to check the integrity of the measurements. All of the components in the sampling system must be tolerant to mercury being present and not absorb or desorb any mercury which might distort the measurements. 

Direct sampling TLC-MS setups are usually more sophisticated than indirect sampling setups, but allow for more rapid analysis they are sometimes partially or fully automated. Generally, direct sampling techniques rely on desorption of the analyte from the TLC surface followed by its ionization, or the use of a special sampling probe that extracts the analyte and transfers it directly to the ion source. Some of these setups are now available commercially and can be attached to different types of mass spectrometers. 

Fig. 5.2 A schematic of the sample setup shown from the direction of the beam. The beam overlaps the semicircular hole but is not shown for clarity...

Figure 3. Schematic view of sample setup in Vickers indentation test under applied electric field.

Another uncomplicated method for the production of colloidal crystals from dispersed polymer emulsion systems is based on a vertical deposition method for 2D films [46, 76, 112]. In this method the substrate is vertically immersed into the dispersion and the solvent allowed to evaporate, forming a film on the substrate. In this sample setup, the particle concentration changes as the solvent evaporates affecting the layer thickness. Improvements such as withdra ving the substrate with a constant velocity lead to more control over deposition, resulting in consistent film thicknesses up to tens of layers over a number of centimeters [83, 110]. 

Fig. 4 Left The node s power draw measured for each mode (low-power sleep, micro controller processing, sensor data acquisition, and memory buffer logging). Middle amount of time spent in each mode for sampling to a 512-byte data buffer, for each of the three sampling setups. Right The node s firmware footprint in RAM and flash memory required, for each of the 5 setups...

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