Saline cycling

The Australian case is used here to describe the chemical evolution of solutes in the dryland environment. The dryland salinization cycle (Eigure 10) is a complex process that begins with salt accumulation on the ground,... 

Figure 10 The dryland salinization cycle (the Australian model) (1) salt accumulation and precipitation of minerals (2) selective dissolution and transport of soluble salts in the vadoze zone (3) storage of salts influenced by soil permeability (4) leaching and salinization of groundwater (5) rise of saline groundwater (6) capillarity evaporation of rising groundwater (7) soil salinization and (8) lateral solute transport and salinization of streams and rivers (after Fitzpatrick et ah, 2000).

Figure 11 The domestic salinization cycle (1) supply water to a municipality (2) salts added within the urban environment (3) sewage generation (4) sewage treatment (5) reuse of treated sewage for irrigation and...

Figure 12 The agriculture salinization cycle (1) supply water for irrigation (2) salts added with fertilizers and amendment treatment (3) generation of irrigation water (4) soil salinization (5) formation of agricultural return...

FIGURE 9.8 Typical stress-strain plots for a strip of recombinant resilin tested in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Sample cycled to 225%, showing resilience of 97% (solid curve) and later tested to failure showing extension at break of 313% (dotted curve). (FromElvin, C.M., Carr, A.G., Huson, M.G., Maxwell, J.M., Pearson, R.D., Vuocolo 1, T., Liyon, N.E., Wong, D.C.C., Merritt, D.J., and Dixon, N.E., Nature, 437, 999, 2005.)... 

The global heat cycle drives the hydrological cycle, which in turn controls the salinity of seawater. The most important contributor of heat to the crustal-ocean-fectory is solar radiation. The flux of solar radiation that reaches Earth is termed insolation. Only a fraction of the incoming solar radiation reaches Earth s surfece, because a large portion is either reflected or absorbed by the atmosphere. That which reaches Earth s surface is also either reflected or absorbed. In the end, about half of the incoming radiation is absorbed by the rocks and water on Earth s surfece. (A detailed heat budget is provided... 

Johnston, JJ. and Corbett, M.D. The effects of temperature, salinity and a simulated tidal cycle on the toxicity of fenitrothion to Callinectessapidus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C, 80(1) 145-149, 1985. 

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