Ruthenium! VIII complexes phosphines

The catalytic hydrocarbonylation and hydrocarboxylation of olefins, alkynes, and other TT-bonded compounds are reactions of important industrial potential.Various transition metal complexes, such as palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, or nickel complexes, have widely been used in combination with phosphines and other types of ligands as catalysts in most carbonylation reactions. The reactions of alkenes, alkynes, and other related substrates with carbon monoxide in the presence of group VIII metals and a source of proton affords various carboxylic acids or carboxylic acid derivatives.f f f f f While many metals have successfully been employed as catalysts in these reactions, they often lead to mixtures of products under drastic experimental conditions.f i f f f In the last twenty years, palladium complexes are the most frequently and successfully used catalysts for regio-, stereo-, and enantioselective hydrocarbonylation and hydrocarboxylation reactions.f ... 

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