Ruthenium compounds synthesis

Itoh K, Yamamoto Y (2004) Ruthenium Catalyzed Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds. 11 249-276... 

Ruthenium compounds, 19 637-641 synthesis of, 19 640 uses for, 19 640—641 Ruthenium-copper clusters, 16 70 Ruthenium initiators, 26 934 Ruthenium plating, 9 823 Ruthenium-silica... 

Although ruthenium is significantly less expensive than rhodium and although its use has been recommended since 1960 (7) for the oxo synthesis, complexes of this metal have not been developed as catalysts. However, many papers and patents have referred to the results obtained employing various ruthenium complexes. The purpose of this article is to analyze the work done involving ruthenium compounds, restricting the scope only to the hydroformylation reaction and not to the carbonylation reaction, which would demand to too lengthy an article. In this review we examine successively mononuclear ruthenium complexes, ruthenium clusters as precursors, photochemical activation, and supported catalysis. 

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