Rural background

Glasius M (2011) Source apportionment of the summer time carbonaceous aerosol at Nordic rural background sites. Atmos Chem Phys 11 13339-13357... 

Gilardoni S, Vignati E, Cavalli F, Putaud JP, Larsen BR, Karl M, Stenstrom K, Genberg J, Henne S, Dentener F (2011) Better constraints on sources of carbonaceous aerosols using a combined 14C - macro tracer analysis in a European rural background site. Atmos Chem Phys 11 5685-5700. doi 10.5194/acp-ll-5685-2011... 

The most simple and widely used spatial increment approach compares concentration levels measured in different environments, assuming that the actual level at a given site is the sum of emissions released on regional, urban, and local scales (cf. Fig. 2). Hence, by calculation of the spatial increments (e.g. traffic-urban background, urban background-rural background) basic assessments of the shares of emissions from the different source areas can be obtained. This approach constitutes the first step within a source apportionment method first proposed by Lenschow et al. [3]. 

Table 2 Analysis of the natural contribution (%), for all components, and for PM10 as a whole, at the rural background site (Hellendoom)...

Composition PM10 (%) Natural contribution (%) Rural background PM10 (%)... 

Table II. Estimates of Annual Dry Deposition For Rural/Background Areas in the West (After Hidy Young, Environ., Res. Tech., unpublished report)...

Number and type of sites 2 urban, 2 rural 1 rural background 2 urban, 1 rural 1 high mountain background... 

Roadway Curbside Urban Background Rural Background... 

The measurements carried out in Boston by Francis Benedict between April 1909 and January 1912 are probably the longest and most precise of that time. Benedict tried carefully to avoid town influences, and by separating the values shown in Table 2.77 it is possible to derive a seasonal amplitude of about 9 ppm and a town contribution (adding to the rural background) of about 45 ppm. 

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