Rupture below the Glass Transition Temperature

Experiments with biaxial stresses in varying ratio and combined tension and torsion have been used to distinguish between yielding by shear or normal stress failure.  

Tschoegl, The Theory of Unear Viscoelastic Behavior, Academic Press, 1980, Chapter 9. 

A Grosch, J. A C. Harwood, and A. R. Payne, in Physical Basis of Yield and Fracture, edited by A. C. Strickland, Institute of Hiysics and Physical Sodety, London, 1966, p. 144, 

Kramer and J. D. Ferry, in Science and Technology of Rubber, edited by F. R. Eirich, Academic Press, New York, 1978, Chapter 5. 

Maekawa, 1. Furuta, M. Nakao, and K. Ninomiya, Nippon Cornu Kyokaishi, 40, 542 (1967). 

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