Rubber steel laminated springs

Shear modulus of rubber/steel laminated springs... 

Erom the definition of the shear spring constant k of a laminated rubber/ steel spring, expressing the force F and deflection x in terms of shear stress and shear strain of the composite, we obtain... 

The laminated spring of the last section are often compressed in a direction perpendicular to the layers. The top and bottom surfaces of the rubber layers cannot expand sideways because they are bonded to steel plates. The effect of this restraint on the compressive response depends on the layer shape factor S (Fig. 4.3) defined as... 

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