Rotating disk electrode apparatus

R. (1984) A rotating disk electrode apparatus for the study of fuel cell reactions at elevated temperatures and pressures. J. Electrochem. Soc., 131, 1215. 

These methods constitute the frame on which any particular method can be elaborated. Yet in practice, the experimental difficulty is that with standard apparatus, 5 /D cannot be varied over an extremely wide range. For example, with the rotating disk electrode (RDE), which is the most convenient steady-state method (with the exception of ultramicroelectrodes [109]), 8 depends on the rotation frequency w of the electrode (see Chapter 2). Yet to maintain correct hydrodynamic conditions w cannot be varied, with... 

In 1958, Frumkin put forward the idea of a new experimental method—the method of the rotating ring-disk electrode, which allowed the direct observation of intermediates of electrode processes. The apparatus was buUt by L. N. Nekrasov, and the theory was elaborated by V. G. Levich and Yu. B. Ivanov [30]. Since then, the method of the rotating ring-disk electrode has become one of the standard techniques of electrochemical science. For example, it has played an important role in the study of oxygen electroreduction, with applications in fuel cells (Photos 4.15 and 4.16). 

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