Road profile

FIGURE 22.13 Simple analytical model of hysteresis friction of rubber moving over a rough road profile left). Tire on a wet road track, where hysteresis energy losses dominate the traction behavior right). (From Kluppef M. and Heinrich, G., Kautschuk, Gummi, Kunststojfe, 58, 217, 2005. With permission.)... 

Six different sampling sites were choiced along the heavy loaded "Ostend-Brussels-Liege" highway. The sites differ by the traffic density and the road profile, all of them were in rural areas. 

Figure 16.32 Longitudinal profile analyser - APL. (From Imine et al., road profile input estimation in vehicle dynamics simulation. Vehicle System Dynamics, Vol. 44, No. 4, Taylor Francis, 2006.)...

Priem H. 1989. NAASRA Roughness Meter Calibration via the Road-Profile-Base International Roughness Index (IRI). Research report ARR No. 164. Melbourne, Australia Australian Road Research Board. 

Fig. 2.6. The vehicle is assumed to be traveling at a constant forward speed Vp on a flat road and at some point jc = JCo it reaches a smooth curb. The transition of the road profile from low to high level (Z = 0.2 m) is described by a cycloid function, whereas the length of the curb is L = 0.5 m.

The road vertical inputs consist of crossing obstacles of different types such that all relevant aspects of vehicle motion are exercised. For this purpose, out-of-phase triangular bumps are transversed, together with terminated ramp and sinusoidal road profile inputs. 

The quantities of motion which undergo significant variation and are illustrated in the results include sprung mass vertical displacement and acceleration and pitch and roll angles. For the unsprung masses vertical displacement of the wheel s center of gravity, tyre force and suspension travel are included. As an aid to the analysis, the road profile is superposed in some of the simulation results. 

In order to investigate the nonlinearities of the quantities of motion in relation to road disturbances, their behaviour are analysed for the vehicle driving over a sinusoidal road profile with various amplitudes. 

For non-NHS highways, preservation standards apply if the overlay increases the road profile by more than 2 in. for NHS highways, preservation standards apply if the thickness of the new pavement is greater than 2 in., regardless of the final pavement elevation. (Note Minnesota uses the term preservation for 3R projects.) (Minnesota)... 

Banin et al. (1987) proposed a thin-horizon sampling approach to study the effects of traffic sources and atmospheric fallouts on soils in the arid zone of Israel. They pointed out that the large and systematic variability in the concentrations of the atmophile elements in the soil would be masked if a more conventional and less-detailed sampling scheme was used. The measured Pb concentration varied between 209 mg/kg in the top layer of an arid soil near the road in Israel and 66 mg/kg at a depth of 20 cm (Banin et al., 1987). If the profile had been sampled as one 0-20 cm horizon, the weighed average concentration observed would have been 76.3 mg/kg Pb. If it had been sampled in two 10-cm thick horizons, the concentrations would have been estimated to be 86.6 and 66 mg/kg in the top and bottom horizons, respectively (Banin et al., 1987). This distribution would strongly affect the bioavailability in arid soils. 

Fig. 4. ORP profiling of the top first meter of clay across the northern edge of the Road ring.

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