Risk management paradigms

The conceptual foundation of the system is first established by addressing such issues as its focus, dose-response relationships, measures of response, and the applicable risk management paradigm ... 

Application of Risk Management Paradigms to Waste Classification... 

Figure 2 US National Research Council, new risk assessment/risk management paradigm. (Modified from NRC (2000) Scientific Frontiers in Developmental Toxicity and Risk Assessment. Washington, DC National Academy Press.)...

Sloan, E.D. (2005). A changing hydrate paradigm—from apprehension to avoidance to risk management. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 228, 67-74. 

In the future, economic risk evaluation will guide the hydrate-plugging prevention philosophy. It is important to note that phase equilibria thermodynamics provide the current paradigm of hydrate avoidance, but risk management is in the domain of time-dependent phenomena or physical hydrate kinetics. The experience base with hydrate plugs and their remediation impacts the economic need for large amounts of insulation and/or thermodynamic inhibitors. 

The industrial flow assurance paradigm is shifting from avoidance, enabled by thermodynamic inhibition, to risk management, enabled by application of kinetics. Examples of time-dependent flow assurance phenomena are kinetic inhibitors, AAs, plug dissociation, and electrical heating of pipelines for plug dissociation. Research support will move from thermodynamics, which is currently acceptably accurate for engineering applications, to time-dependent kinetics. 

A description of the paradigm change in flow assurance to risk management... 

Radiation Paradigm for Risk Management of Stochastic Responses... 

The chemical paradigm for risk management also is used in regulating exposures to hazardous chemicals that cause deterministic effects and exhibit a threshold in the dose-response relationship. For these substances, RfDs, which are often used to define acceptable exposures, represent negligible doses, because RfDs usually are well below assumed thresholds for deterministic responses in humans and action to reduce doses below RfDs generally is not required. This interpretation is supported by cases where doses above an RfD are allowed when achieving RfD is not feasible. A particular example... 

A proper reconciliation of the radiation and chemical paradigms for risk management is important to the development of a comprehensive and risk-based hazardous waste classification system. In particular, the proposed waste classification system developed in Sections 6.2 and 6.3 of this Report is based fundamentally on the concept that an acceptable risk generally can be substantially greater than a negligible risk. This distinction is used to define different classes of waste that pose an increasing hazard. 

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