Risk-based approaches metal contaminants

Brown et al. (1998) commented that similar to organic contamination, metal-contaminated soils will go through three stages of evolution (1) a gross removal process, (2) an active in situ treatment, and (3) a risk-based closure and natural attenuation. They also comment that very little time or money has been spent on developing in situ approaches for metal contamination. It is nine years since Brown et al., published their work, but we have yet to progress to active in situ remediation of metal-contaminated soils, and only a few innovative technologies are currently available for remediation of metal-contaminated soils (U.S. EPA, 1997). 

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