RIG-I-Like Helicases RLHs

Interaction and inhibition of MDA5 Various paramyxoviruses V-proteins 

Other novel cytosolic PRR detectors ofviral nucleic acid are have also been discovered recendy. Takaoka et al characterised the Z-DNA binding protein (ZBP-1) as a cytoplasmic DNA receptor capable of IRF3 activation and IFNp induction and as such renamed it as DNA-dependent activator of IRFs (DAI). DAI associates with IRF3 and TBKl upon stimulation with DNA, but further study is needed to determine all the other signalling components of this pathway and how viruses might evade it. Of interest is the fact that the poxvirus virulence factor E3 which binds dsRNA (see Section 2) also has a DNA-binding motif shown to contribute to virulence. Thus E3 might bind to poxvirus DNA and prevent its detection by DAI or a related cytosolic DNA PRR. 

---