Rhamnolipid biosynthesis

Gruber, T., Chmiel, H., Kappeli, O., Sticher, P., Fiechter, A. (1993). Integrated process for continuous rhamnolipid biosynthesis. In N. Kosaric (Eds.) Biosurfactants (surfactants science series) (vol. 48, (pp. 157-173)). New York Marcel Dekker. 

Pearson, J. P Pesci, E. C and Iglewski, B. (1997) Roles of Pseudomonas aeruginosa las and rhl quorum-sensing systems in control of elastase and rhamnolipid biosynthesis genes. J. Bacterial. 179, 5756-5767. 

Maier, R. M., Soberon-Chavez, G. Pseudomonas aeruginosa rhamnolipids biosynthesis and potential applications. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2000, 54, 625-633. 

Pham, T. H., Webb, J. S., Rehm, B. H. A. (2004). The role of polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis by Pseudomonas aemginosa in rhamnolipid and alginate production as well as stress tolerance and biofilm formation. Microbiology, 150, 3405-3413. 

Rehm BHA, Mitsky TA, Steinbtichel A (2001) Role of fatty add de novo biosynthesis in polyhydroxyalkanoic acid (PHA) and rhamnolipid synthesis by Pseudomonads establishment of the transacylase (PhaG)-mediated pathway for PHA biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 67 3102-3109... 

Sophorolipids may be produced on substrates that are, in part, directly incorporated into the molecule as the hydrophobic moiety, as opposed to, for example, rhanmoUpids where the biosynthesis occurs with the de novo synthesis of the hydrophobic part. Specifically, when providing C. bombicola with oleic acid and an otherwise suitable medium, the yeast will incorporate this fatty acid into a sophorolipid. By contrast, when capric acid is provided to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the fatty acid is not directly converted into a rhamnolipid but is metabolized instead. The possibility of direct incorporation is a clear indication as to why sophorolipid production is among the highest of all biosurfactants. 

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