Retinoylation, proteins

In addition to its genomic functions, retinoic acid also has a number of nongenomic functions. It enhances the stabUity of keratin mRNA, leading to increased synthesis of this protein (Growe, 1993). Retinoic acid acts also as an effector in response to transmembrane signaling by retinoylation of target proteins. 

There are two main routes involved in the retinoylation of proteins ... 

Both in cells in culture and in vivo, the major targets for retinoylation are the regulatory subunits of cAMP-dependent protein kinases, suggesting a role for retinoic acid in modulation of the actions of cell surface acting hormones and neurotransmitters (Myhre et al., 1996). In a variety of cell types, cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity increases after exposure to retinoic acid. In a number of experimental situations, retinoic acid and cAMP act synergistically in cell differentiation. Takahashi et al. (1997) reported that 40 different proteins... 

MyhreAM, TakahashiN, BlomhoffR, BreitmanTR, andNommKR (1996) Retinoylation of proteins in rat liver, kidney, and Inng in vivo. Journal of Lipid Research 37,1971-7. 

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