Retina tolerance

In the first animal study, the clinical tolerance to RMN3 appeared to be good in all eyes regardless of the duration of internal tamponade, with a clear vitreous cavity and a normally looking retina. Moderate whitish deposits occurred on the... 

S. Chang, J.R. Sparrow, T. Iwamoto, A. Gershbein, R. Ross, R. Ortiz, Experimental studies of tolerance to intravitreal perfluoro-n-octane liquid. Retina 11 (1991) 367-374. 

C. Eckardt, U. Nicolai, M. Winter, E. Knop, Experimental intraocular tolerance to liquid perfluorooctane and perfluoropolyether. Retina 11 (1991) 375-384. 

M. Flores-Aguilar, D. Munguia, E. Loeb, J.A. Crapotta, C. Vuong, S. Shakiba, G. Bergeron-Lynn, C.A. Wiley, J. Weers, W.R. Freeman, Intraocular tolerance of perfluorooctylbromide (perflubron). Retina 15 (1995) 3-13. 

Several evidence underlie the crucial role of excessive glutamate release under ischemic conditions in the brain (Aarts el al., 2003 Camacho and Massieu, 2006 Dirnagl et al., 1999) and, concurrently, experimental data sustain a comparable role for glutamate under retinal ischemia (Adachi et al., 1998 Louzada-Junior et al., 1992). However, it should be stressed that the mechanisms underlying tolerance to ischemia may differ in brain and in the retina, the latter being more tolerant to ischemia than the former (Iijima et al., 2000 Osborne et al., 2004). 

Fluorescein is evenly injected over 4 to 6 seconds to promote adequate patient tolerance. After waiting approximately 15 seconds for the dye to reach the retina, the photographer takes pictures at approximately 1-second intervals, continuing until fluorescein has coursed through the veins (typically 8 to 10 exposures). Photographs are taken in the late phase, typically 2 to 3 minutes after injection, but may be taken up to 20 minutes after injection to document persistent leakage or pooling of fluorescein (from retinal neovascularization,... 

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