Results on Modern Samples

5 C values of carbonate hydroxylapatite range from -148 to -10.3%o in herbivores. They range from -17.4 to -15.4%o in bears, and from -16.1%o to -14.5 in carnivores (Table 4.1). The average values clearly differ between herbivores (-12.7 1.4%o), bears (-16.2 0.6%o) and carnivores (-15.5 0,6%o). The 5 C values of carbonate hydroxy lapatite of bears are slightly more negative than those of other carnivores. 

The difference between the 5 C values of carbonate hydroxylapatite and collagen (A C) of the same individual, range from 5.8 to 9.2 in herbivores, from 2.7 to 5.7 in bears, and from 4.3 to 5.5%o in carnivores (Table 4.1). There is no overlap of A C values between herbivores on one hand, and bears and carnivores on the other. The average A C value is slightly larger in carnivores than in bears, but with a large overlap. 

The 5 C values of bone and dentine collagen extracted from a mandible and a lower first molar from a Siberian wolf are identical (Table 4.2). On the contrary, the 5 N value of bone collagen is clearly lower (8.2%o) than the 8 N value of dentine collagen (9.8%o). 

Isotopic Framework for Modem Temperate and Cold Areas 

Due to the way the modern bones have been sampled, only general patterns can be described from the measured isotopic values. The samples come 

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