Resonance Raman triplet carotenoid

Infrared and Resonance Raman Spectroscopy. Reviewson the uses of resonance Raman spectroscopy in biochemistry and biology include sections on carotenoproteins, visual pigments, and bacteriorhodopsin. The resonance Raman spectrum of the lowest excited triplet state of /3-carotene has been reported.A resonance Raman method has been used for the quantitative analysis of /3-carotene and lutein (20) in tobacco.The mechanism of carotenoid-protein interactions in the carotenoproteins ovoverdin and /3-crustacyanin has been investigated by resonance Raman spectroscopy. " 2 axanthin (24) has been used as a resonance Raman probe of membrane structure. " The resonance Raman spectra have been reported of all-frans-anhydrovitamin A (194), " /3-ionone, retinals, and Schiff bases.The technique has been used extensively to study... 

Frank HA, Chadwick BW, Taremi S, Kolaczkowski S and Bowman MK (1986) Singlet and triplet absorption spectra of carotenoids bound in the reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides R26. FEBS Lett 203 157-163 Fujii R, Chen CH, MizoguchiTandKoyamaY (1998) H NMR, electronic-absorption and resonance-Raman spectra of isomeric okenone as compared with those of isomeric j3-carotene, canthaxanthin, /3-apo-8 -carotenal and spheroidene. Spectro-chim Acta A54 727-743... 

Resonance Raman spectra of the RC-bound carotenoid in its triplet state were firstrecorded using pulsed lasers (Lutz et al, 1983). Later on, it was shown that it was possible to accumulate the carotenoid triplet state in the reaction centers with continuous illumination, by making use of the fact that this triplet state is usually produced in these proteins with a high yield when the electron transfer is blocked (Robert et al, 1989 see Fig. 4). From these experiments it was concluded that the particular, 15-15"-dx, twisted, structure of the carotenoid is conserved when these molecules are in the triplet state. In particular, resonance Raman spectra of the RC-bound carotenoid in their triplet states exhibit an unusuallyintense 4, which likely reveals that the molecule is not planar (Lutz et al., 1983, Robert et al, 1989). 

Vibrational spectroscopy of the electronically excited state pulse radiolysis/time-resolved resonance Raman study of the triplet y3-carotene. J Am Chem Soc 101 1355-1357 De Paula JC, Ghanotakis DF, Bowlby NR, Dekker JP, Yocum CF and Babcock GT (1990) Chlorophyll-protein interactions in Photosystem II. Resonance Raman spectroscopy of the D1 D2-cytochrome b559 complex and the 47 kDa protein. In Baltscheffsky M (ed) Current Research in Photosynthesis, pp 643-646, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht Frank HA and Cogdell RJ (1993) Photochemistry and functions of carotenoids in Photosynthesis. In Young A and Britton G (eds) Carotenoids in Photosynthesis, pp 252-326. Chapman Hall, London... 

Although the main 15,15 "-cis conformation of the spheroidene in RCs of Rb. sphaeroides has been well documented, two slightly distinct triplet states appear at temperatures lower than 60 K (Kolaczkowski et al., 1988 Ullrich, 1988). They may be due todifferent sites that freeze out in slightly different conformations. Possible twists ofthe portion ofthe carotenoid that protrudes from the RC have been discussed in this respect. Possible twisting along the conjugated backbone of the carotenoid was indicated by resonance Raman data (Ohashi et al., 1996). 

Lutz M, Kleo J and Reiss-Husson F (1976) Resonance Raman scattering of bacteriochlorophyll, bacteriopheophytin and spheroidene in reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 69 711-717 Lutz M, Chinsky L and Turpin PY (1982) Triplet states of carotenoids bound to reaction centers ofphotosynthetic bacteria Time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy. Photochem Photobiol 36 503-515... 

Tinkler JH, Tavender SM, Parker AW McGarvey DJ, Mukoy L and Truscott TG (1996) Investigation of carotenoid radical cations and triplet states by laser flash photolysis and time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy Observation of... 

A comprehensive resonance Raman study of carotenoid cation radicals generated from canthaxanthin (16) and various apocarotenoids is referred to [136]. The resonance Raman spectra of the carotenoid cation radicals were in general similar to the resonance Raman spectra of the excited triplet state of the carotenoid. Upon formation of the cation radical of canthaxanthin (16) and the apocarotenoids investigated, the C=C stretching vibrations were decreased by 30-40 cm 1 whereas the C-C stretching vibrations were increased by 15-30 cm 1 relative to the parent... 

Time-resolved resonance Raman was used in an investigation of carotenoid cation radicals and triplet states [137]. 

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